BETA-SITOSTEROL: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings

BETA - SITOSTEROL

Other Names:

Angelicin, Angélicine, B-Sitosterol 3-B-D-glucoside, B-Sitosterolin, Beta Sitosterin, Bêta-sitostérine, Beta Sitosterol, Bêta-Sitostérol, Beta-Sitosterol Glucoside, Beta-Sitosterol Glycoside, Campesterol, Campestérol, Cinchol, Cupreol, Ester de ...
See All Names

Review this Treatment 59 User Reviews See Brand Products

BETA-SITOSTEROL Overview Information

Beta-sitosterol is a substance found in plants. Chemists call it a “plant sterol ester.” It is found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. It is used to make medicine.

Beta-sitosterol is used for heart disease and high cholesterol. It is also used for boosting the immune system and for preventing colon cancer, as well as for gallstones, the common cold and flu (influenza), HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, psoriasis, allergies, cervical cancer, fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), asthma, hair loss, bronchitis, migraine headache, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Some men use beta-sitosterol for enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH). Some women use it for symptoms of menopause.

It is also used for enhancing sexual activity.

Marathon runners sometimes use beta-sitosterol to reduce pain and swelling after a run.

Some people apply beta-sitosterol to the skin for treating wounds and burns.

In foods, beta-sitosterol is added to some margarines (Take Control, for example) that are designed for use as part of a cholesterol-lowering diet and for preventing heart disease. The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows manufacturers to claim that foods containing plant sterol esters such as beta-sitosterol are for reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This rule is based on the FDA’s conclusion that plant sterol esters may reduce the risk of CHD by lowering blood cholesterol levels. Although there is plenty of evidence that beta-sitosterol does lower cholesterol levels, there is no proof that long-term use actually lowers the risk of developing CHD.

Don’t confuse beta-sitosterol with sitostanol, a similar substance contained in the product called Benecol. Both sitostanol and beta-sitosterol are used for lowering cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol and appear to be equally effective.

How does it work?

Beta-sitosterol is a plant substance similar to cholesterol. It might help reduce cholesterol levels by limiting the amount of cholesterol that is able to enter the body. It can also bind to the prostate to help reduce swelling (inflammation).

BETA-SITOSTEROL Uses & Effectiveness

Likely Effective for:

High cholesterol. Taking beta-sitosterol significantly lowers total and bad (LDL) cholesterol levels, but it does not raise good (HDL) cholesterol levels.
Trouble urinating because of an enlarged prostate, or “benign prostatic hyperplasia” (BPH). Taking beta-sitosterol helps the symptoms of BPH, but it does not actually shrink an enlarged prostate.

Possibly Effective for:

Tuberculosis.

Likely Ineffective for:

Gallstones.

Insufficient Evidence for:

Baldness. Some men report that using beta-sitosterol with saw palmetto makes them grow more and better hair.
Burns. There is some evidence that treating second degree burns with beta-sitosterol and berberine ointment works about as well as conventional treatment with silver sulfadiazine.
Prostate infections.
Sexual performance problems.
Preventing colon cancer.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Psoriasis.
Allergies.
Cervical cancer.
Fibromyalgia.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Asthma.
Migraines.
Chronic fatigue syndrome.
Menopause.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol for these uses.

BETA-SITOSTEROL Side Effects & Safety

Beta-sitosterol is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth. It can cause some side effects, such as nausea, indigestion, gas, diarrhea, or constipation. Beta-sitosterol has also been linked to reports of erectile dysfunction (ED) and loss of interest in sex.

Beta-sitosterol is POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of beta-sitosterol during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Sitosterolemia, a rare inherited fat storage disease: People with this condition have too much beta-sitosterol and related fats in their system. They are prone to early heart disease. Taking beta-sitosterol makes this condition worse. Don’t take beta-sitosterol if you have sitosterolemia.

BETA-SITOSTEROL Interactions

Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination

Ezetimibe (Zetia) interacts with BETA-SITOSTEROL
Taking ezetimibe (Zetia) can reduce of amount of beta-sitosterol the body absorbs. This might decrease the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol.

Minor Interaction Be watchful with this combination

Pravastatin (Pravachol) interacts with BETA-SITOSTEROL
Taking pravastatin (Pravachol) might decrease how much beta-sitosterol is in the body. This might decrease the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol.

BETA-SITOSTEROL Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

For benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): 60 to 130 mg of beta-sitosterol divided into 2-3 doses daily.
For high cholesterol: 800 mg to 6 grams per day divided and given before meals.

Beta-sitosterol is usually taken along with a low-fat diet.

View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement Sources

References:

Neuvonen, P. J., Kuusisto, P., Manninen, V., Vapaatalo, H., and Miettinen, T. A. The mechanism of the hypocholesterolaemic effect of activated charcoal. Eur.J Clin.Invest 1989;19(3):251-254. View abstract.

Niesor, E. J., Chaput, E., Staempfli, A., Blum, D., Derks, M., and Kallend, D. Effect of dalcetrapib, a CETP modulator, on non-cholesterol sterol markers of cholesterol homeostasis in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 2011;219(2):761-767. View abstract.

Nigon, F., Serfaty-Lacrosniere, C., Beucler, I., Chauvois, D., Neveu, C., Giral, P., Chapman, M. J., and Bruckert, E. Plant sterol-enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: effect of fibrate treatment. Clin.Chem Lab Med. 2001;39(7):634-640. View abstract.

Niittynen, L. H., Jauhiainen, T. A., Poussa, T. A., and Korpela, R. Effects of yoghurt enriched with free plant sterols on the levels of serum lipids and plant sterols in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a high-fat diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2008;59(5):357-367. View abstract.

Nissinen, M. J., Miettinen, T. E., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. Applicability of non-cholesterol sterols in predicting response in cholesterol metabolism to simvastatin and fluvastatin treatment among hypercholesterolemic men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(5):308-316. View abstract.

Nissinen, M. J., Vuoristo, M., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. Respective hydrolysis and esterification of esterified and free plant stanols occur rapidly in human intestine after their duodenal infusion in triacyl- or diacylglycerol. Lipids 2007;42(7):603-612. View abstract.

Noakes, M., Clifton, P., Ntanios, F., Shrapnel, W., Record, I., and McInerney, J. An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;75(1):79-86. View abstract.

Nordby, G. and Norum, K. R. Substrate specificity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Esterification of desmosterol, b-sitosterol, and cholecalciferol in human plasma. Scand.J Clin.Lab Invest 1975;35(7):677-682. View abstract.

Normen, A. L., Brants, H. A., Voorrips, L. E., Andersson, H. A., van den Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Clin.Nutr. 2001;74(1):141-148. View abstract.

Normen, L., Ellegard, L., Janssen, H. G., Steenbergen, H., Trautwein, E., and Andersson, H. Phytosterol and phytostanol esters are effectively hydrolysed in the gut and do not affect fat digestion in ileostomy subjects. Eur J Nutr 2006;45(3):165-170. View abstract.

Noto, D., Cefalu, A. B., Barraco, G., Martino, E., Fayer, F., Mina, M., Montali, A., Arca, M., Averna, M., and Martino, F. Plasma non-cholesterol sterols: a useful diagnostic tool in pediatric hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr.Res 2010;67(2):200-204. View abstract.

Nunes, V. S., Leanca, C. C., Panzoldo, N. B., Parra, E., Cazita, P. M., Nakandakare, E. R., de Faria, E. C., and Quintao, E. C. HDL-C concentration is related to markers of absorption and of cholesterol synthesis: Study in subjects with low vs. high HDL-C. Clin Chim.Acta 1-14-2011;412(1-2):176-180. View abstract.

Ohshima, A., Une, M., and Hoshita, T. Biochemical studies of inherited diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism. II: Absence of unusual C28 and C29 bile acid homologs in bile and urine of sitosterolemia. Hiroshima J Med.Sci. 1994;43(3):81-86. View abstract.

Owen, R. W., Dodo, M., Thompson, M. H., and Hill, M. J. Fecal steroids and colorectal cancer. Nutr.Cancer 1987;9(2-3):73-80. View abstract.

Parsons, H. G., Jamal, R., Baylis, B., Dias, V. C., and Roncari, D. A marked and sustained reduction in LDL sterols by diet and cholestyramine in beta-sitosterolemia. Clin.Invest Med. 1995;18(5):389-400. View abstract.

Patch, C. S., Tapsell, L. C., and Williams, P. G. Plant sterol/stanol prescription is an effective treatment strategy for managing hypercholesterolemia in outpatient clinical practice. J Am Diet.Assoc. 2005;105(1):46-52. View abstract.

Peuchant, E., Salles, C., and Jensen, R. Relationship between fecal neutral steroid concentrations and malignancy in colon cells. Cancer 9-1-1987;60(5):994-999. View abstract.

Pihlajamaki, J., Gronlund, S., Simonen, M., Kakela, P., Moilanen, L., Paakkonen, M., Pirinen, E., Kolehmainen, M., Karja, V., Kainulainen, S., Uusitupa, M., Alhava, E., Miettinen, T. A., and Gylling, H. Cholesterol absorption decreases after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not after gastric banding. Metabolism 2010;59(6):866-872. View abstract.

Piran, U. and Nishida, T. Utilization of various sterols by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase as acyl acceptors. Lipids 1979;14(5):478-482. View abstract.

Plat, J. and Mensink, R. P. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2001;11(1):31-40. View abstract.

Plat, J., Bragt, M. C., and Mensink, R. P. Common sequence variations in ABCG8 are related to plant sterol metabolism in healthy volunteers. J Lipid Res 2005;46(1):68-75. View abstract.

Plat, J., Brzezinka, H., Lutjohann, D., Mensink, R. P., and von Bergmann, K. Oxidized plant sterols in human serum and lipid infusions as measured by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J.Lipid Res. 2001;42(12):2030-2038. View abstract.

Plat, J., Kerckhoffs, D. A., and Mensink, R. P. Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 2000;11(6):571-576. View abstract.

Pont, F., Duvillard, L., Maugeais, C., Athias, A., Persegol, L., Gambert, P., and Verges, B. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry, compared with conventional mass spectrometry in kinetic studies at low and high enrichment levels: application to lipoprotein kinetics. Anal.Biochem. 6-1-1997;248(2):277-287. View abstract.

Puato, M., Faggin, E., Rattazzi, M., Zambon, A., Cipollone, F., Grego, F., Ganassin, L., Plebani, M., Mezzetti, A., and Pauletto, P. Atorvastatin reduces macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques: a comparison of a nonstatin-based regimen in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2010;41(6):1163-1168. View abstract.

Raicht, R. F., Cohen, B. I., Fazzini, E. P., Sarwal, A. N., and Takahashi, M. Protective effect of plant sterols against chemically induced colon tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 1980;40(2):403-405. View abstract.

Relas, H., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. Fate of intravenously administered squalene and plant sterols in human subjects. J.Lipid Res. 2001;42(6):988-994. View abstract.

Rios, J., Stein, E., Shendure, J., Hobbs, H. H., and Cohen, J. C. Identification by whole-genome resequencing of gene defect responsible for severe hypercholesterolemia. Hum.Mol.Genet. 11-15-2010;19(22):4313-4318. View abstract.

Roussi, S., Gosse, F., Aoude-Werner, D., Zhang, X., Geoffroy, P., Miesch, M., Marchioni, E., and Raul, F. Perturbation of polyamine metabolism and its relation to cell death in human colon cancer cells treated by 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7beta-hydroxysitosterol. Int J Oncol. 2006;29(6):1549-1554. View abstract.

Roussi, S., Gosse, F., Aoude-Werner, D., Zhang, X., Marchioni, E., Geoffroy, P., Miesch, M., and Raul, F. Mitochondrial perturbation, oxidative stress and lysosomal destabilization are involved in 7beta-hydroxysitosterol and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol triggered apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Apoptosis. 2007;12(1):87-96. View abstract.

Rudkowska, I., AbuMweis, S. S., Nicolle, C., and Jones, P. J. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols in low-fat yogurt consumed as a snack or with a meal. J Am Coll.Nutr 2008;27(5):588-595. View abstract.

Saludes, J. P., Garson, M. J., Franzblau, S. G., and Aguinaldo, A. M. Antitubercular constituents from the hexane fraction of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae). Phytother Res 2002;16(7):683-685. View abstract.

Saraiva, D., Semedo, R., Castilho, Mda C., Silva, J. M., and Ramos, F. Selection of the derivatization reagent--the case of human blood cholesterol, its precursors and phytosterols GC-MS analyses. J Chromatogr.B Analyt.Technol.Biomed.Life Sci 12-15-2011;879(32):3806-3811. View abstract.

Sasaki, J., Otonari, T., Sawayama, Y., Hata, S., Oshima, Y., Saikawa, T., Biro, S., and Kono, S. Double-dose pravastatin versus add-on ezetimibe with low-dose pravastatin - effects on LDL cholesterol, cholesterol absorption, and cholesterol synthesis in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia (PEAS study). J Atheroscler.Thromb. 2012;19(5):485-493. View abstract.

Schwandt, P. and Richter, W. O. [Drug therapy of hypercholesterolemia]. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 1995;107(18):544-548. View abstract.

Seki, J., Okita, A., Watanabe, M., Nakagawa, T., Honda, K., Tatewaki, N., and Sugiyama, M. Plasma lipoproteins as drug carriers: pharmacological activity and disposition of the complex of beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside with plasma lipoproteins. J Pharm.Sci. 1985;74(12):1259-1264. View abstract.

Sekimoto, H., Shimada, O., Makanishi, M., Nakano, T., and Katayama, O. Interrelationship between serum and fecal sterols. Jpn.J Med. 1983;22(1):14-20. View abstract.

Senge, T., Windeler, J., Berges, R. R., and Trampisch, H. J. [The effectiveness of beta-sitosterol in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Urologe A 1995;34(2):130-131. View abstract.

Siirtola, A., Ketomaki, A., Miettinen, T. A., Gylling, H., Lehtimaki, T., Holmberg, C., Salo, M. K., and Antikainen, M. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis in pediatric kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 2-15-2006;81(3):327-334. View abstract.

Skrede, B., Bjorkhem, I., Bergesen, O., Kayden, H. J., and Skrede, S. The presence of 5 alpha-sitostanol in the serum of a patient with phytosterolemia, and its biosynthesis from plant steroids in rats with bile fistula. Biochim.Biophys Acta 10-2-1985;836(3):368-375. View abstract.

Slota, T., Kozlov, N. A., and Ammon, H. V. Comparison of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol: effects on jejunal fluid secretion induced by oleate, and absorption from mixed micellar solutions. Gut 1983;24(7):653-658. View abstract.

Su, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, H., Cao, L., Liu, F., Bai, X., and Ruan, C. Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of a family with sitosterolemia and co-existing erythrocyte and platelet abnormalities. Haematologica 2006;91(10):1392-1395. View abstract.

Sudhop, T. and von Bergmann, K. Sitosterolemia--a rare disease. Are elevated plant sterols an additional risk factor? Z Kardiol. 2004;93(12):921-928. View abstract.

Sudhop, T., Lutjohann, D., Agna, M., von Ameln, C., Prange, W., and von Bergmann, K. Comparison of the effects of sitostanol, sitostanol acetate, and sitostanol oleate on the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in normolipemic healthy male volunteers. A placebo controlled randomized cross-over study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(10):708-713. View abstract.

Tilvis, R. S. and Miettinen, T. A. Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1986;43(1):92-97. View abstract.

Togo, M., Toda, T., Nguyen, L. A., Kubota, S., Tsukamoto, K., Satoh, H., Hara, M., Iso-o N, Noto, H., Kimura, S., Nakahara, K., Seyama, Y., and Hashimoto, Y. Genetic analysis of phytosterolaemia. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 2001;24(1):43-50. View abstract.

Touillaud, M. S., Pillow, P. C., Jakovljevic, J., Bondy, M. L., Singletary, S. E., Li, D., and Chang, S. Effect of dietary intake of phytoestrogens on estrogen receptor status in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Nutr.Cancer 2005;51(2):162-169. View abstract.

Tuomilehto, J., Tikkanen, M. J., Hogstrom, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Piironen, V., Toivo, J., Salonen, J. T., Nyyssonen, K., Stenman, U. H., Alfthan, H., and Karppanen, H. Safety assessment of common foods enriched with natural nonesterified plant sterols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(5):684-691. View abstract.

Uusitupa, M. I., Miettinen, T. A., Sarkkinen, E. S., Ruuskanen, E., Kervinen, K., and Kesaniemi, Y. A. Lathosterol and other non-cholesterol sterols during treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with beta-glucan-rich oat bran. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;51(9):607-611. View abstract.

van Himbergen, T. M., Matthan, N. R., Resteghini, N. A., Otokozawa, S., Ai, M., Stein, E. A., Jones, P. H., and Schaefer, E. J. Comparison of the effects of maximal dose atorvastatin and rosuvastatin therapy on cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers. J Lipid Res 2009;50(4):730-739. View abstract.

van Rensburg, S. J., Daniels, W. M., van Zyl, J. M., and Taljaard, J. J. A comparative study of the effects of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and melatonin on in vitro lipid peroxidation. Metab Brain Dis. 2000;15(4):257-265. View abstract.

Vanstone, C. A., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Parsons, W. E., and Jones, P. J. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(6):1272-1278. View abstract.

Varady, K. A., Ebine, N., Vanstone, C. A., Parsons, W. E., and Jones, P. J. Plant sterols and endurance training combine to favorably alter plasma lipid profiles in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic adults after 8 wk. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1159-1166. View abstract.

Vivancos, M. and Moreno, J. J. beta-Sitosterol modulates antioxidant enzyme response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 7-1-2005;39(1):91-97. View abstract.

Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., Sevenet, T., and Hadi, H. A. Cytotoxic polyisoprenes and glycosides of long-chain fatty alcohols from Dimocarpus fumatus. Phytochemistry 1999;50(1):63-69. View abstract.

Vuoristo, M., Tilvis, R., and Miettinen, T. A. Serum plant sterols and lathosterol related to cholesterol absorption in coeliac disease. Clin.Chim.Acta 5-31-1988;174(2):213-224. View abstract.

Weisweiler, P., Heinemann, V., and Schwandt, P. Serum lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects given beta-sitosterol. Int.J Clin.Pharmacol Ther.Toxicol. 1984;22(4):204-206. View abstract.

Weizel, A. and Richter, W. O. Drug therapy of severe hypercholesterolemia. Eur.J Med.Res 6-16-1997;2(6):265-269. View abstract.

Weststrate, J. A., Ayesh, R., Bauer-Plank, C., and Drewitt, P. N. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37(11):1063-1071. View abstract.

Wilt, T., Ishani, A., MacDonald, R., Stark, G., Mulrow, C., and Lau, J. Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2000;(2):CD001043. View abstract.

Wolff, E., Vergnes, M. F., Portugal, H., Defoort, C., Amiot-Carlin, M. J., Lairon, D., and Nicolay, A. Cholesterol-absorber status modifies the LDL cholesterol-lowering effect of a Mediterranean-type diet in adults with moderate cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr 2011;141(10):1791-1798. View abstract.

Wong, N. C. The beneficial effects of plant sterols on serum cholesterol. Can.J.Cardiol. 2001;17(6):715-721. View abstract.

Wu, Y. C., Chang, G. Y., Ko, F. N., and Teng, C. M. Bioactive constitutents from the stems of Annona montana. Planta Med. 1995;61(2):146-149. View abstract.

Yang, C., Yu, L., Li, W., Xu, F., Cohen, J. C., and Hobbs, H. H. Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols. J Clin.Invest 2004;114(6):813-822. View abstract.

Yeshurun, D. and Gotto, A. M., Jr. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia. Am J Med. 1976;60(3):379-396. View abstract.

Zak, A., Hatle, K., Mares, P., Vrana, A., Zeman, M., Sindelkova, E., Skorepa, J., and Hrabak, P. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on the composition of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in plasma and liver perfusate of the rat. J Nutr.Biochem. 1990;1(9):472-477. View abstract.

Zak, A., Vecka, M., Tvrzicka, E., Novak, F., Papezova, H., Hruby, M., Lubanda, H., and Stankova, B. [Lipid metabolism in anorexia nervosa]. Cas.Lek.Cesk. 2003;142(5):280-284. View abstract.

Zhao, H. L., Houweling, A. H., Vanstone, C. A., Jew, S., Trautwein, E. A., Duchateau, G. S., and Jones, P. J. Action of plant sterol intervention on sterol kinetics in hypercholesterolemic men with high versus low basal circulatory plant sterol concentrations. J Am Coll.Nutr 2011;30(2):155-165. View abstract.

Ang ES, Lee ST, Gan CS, et al. Evaluating the role of alternative therapy in burn wound management: randomized trial comparing moist exposed burn ointment with conventional methods in the management of patients with second-degree burns. MedGenMed 2001;3:3. View abstract.

Anon. FDA authorizes new coronary heart disease health claim for plant sterol and plant stanol esters. FDA. 2000. Available at: www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS01033.html.

Anon. W&B Associates Inc. website. URL http://www.wandb.com/cholesterol.6.htm (Accessed 30 March 2000).

Anon. Cholesterol-lowering Margarines. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1999;41:56-8.

Awad AB, Chen YC, Fink CS, Hennessey T. Beta-sitosterol inhibits HT-29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2797-804. View abstract.

Awad AB, von Holtz RL, Cone JP, et al. Beta-sitosterol inhibits growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by activating the sphingomyelin cycle. Anticancer Res 1998;18:471-3. View abstract.

Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergman K. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Pediatrics 1992;89:138-42. View abstract.

Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J Pediatr 1993;122:292-6. View abstract.

Berges RR, Kassen A, Senge T. Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18-month follow-up. BJU Int 2000;85:842-6. View abstract.

Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Lancet 1995;345:1529-32. View abstract.

Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 1995;345:1529-32. View abstract.

Bouic PJ, Clark A, Lamprecht J, et al. The effects of B-sitosterol (BSS) and B-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners: inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation. Int J Sports Med 1999;20:258-62. View abstract.

Bouic PJ, Etsebeth S, Liebenberg RW, et al. Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996;18:693-700. View abstract.

Bouic PJ, Lamprecht JH, Plant sterols and sterolins: a review of their immune-modulating properties. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:170-7. View abstract.

Cabeza M, Bratoeff E, Heuze I, et al. Effect of beta-sitosterol as inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase in hamster prostate. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2003;46:153-5.

Deepak M, Dipankar G, Prashanth D, et al. Tribulosin and beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside, the anthelmintic principles of Tribulus terrestris. Phytomedicine 2002;9:753-6. View abstract.

Donald PR, Lamprecht JH, Freestone M, et al. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy of beta-sitosterol and its glucoside as adjuvants in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis 1997;1:518-22. View abstract.

Gerolami A, Sarles H. Letter: Beta-sitosterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Lancet 1975;2:721.

Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 1997;96:4226-31. View abstract.

Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 1995;36:1807-12. View abstract.

Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, et al. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:715-25. View abstract.

Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:966-9. View abstract.

Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI. Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:403-10. View abstract.

Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick GA, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K. Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40 Suppl 1:S59-63. View abstract.

Hidaka H, Kojima H, Kawabata T, et al. Effects of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, and bile sequestering resin, cholestyramine, on plasma plant sterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Atheroscler Thromb 1995;2:60-5. View abstract.

Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, et al. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1144-50. View abstract.

Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, et al. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J Lipid Res 2000;41:697-705. View abstract.

Kassen A, Berges R, Senge T, et al. Effect of beta-sitosterol on transforming growth factor-beta-1 expression and translocation protein kinase C alpha in human prostate stromal cells in vitro. Eur Urol 2000;37:735-41. . View abstract.

Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B. A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1997;80:427-32. View abstract.

Law M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 2000;320:861-4. View abstract.

Lichtenstein AH, Deckelbaum RJ. Stanol/sterol ester-containing foods and blood cholesterol levels: a statement for healthcare professionals from Nutrition Committee, Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, Metabolism of American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;103:1177-9. View abstract.

Lowe FC, Ku JC. Phytotherapy in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a critical review. Urol 1996;48:12-20. View abstract.

Matvienko OA, Lewis DS, Swanson M, et al. A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:57-64. View abstract.

Neil HA, Meijer GW, Roe LS. Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread. Atherosclerosis 2001;156:329-37.. View abstract.

Nguyen LB, Shefer S, Salen G, et al. Competitive inhibition of hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase by sitosterol: decreased activity in sitosterolemia. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1998;110:32-9. View abstract.

Nguyen TT, Dale LC, von Bergmann K, Croghan IT. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:1198-206. View abstract.

Normen L, Dutta P, Lia A, et al. Soy sterol esters and B-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:908-13. View abstract.

Ntanios FY, Jones PJ, Frohlich JJ. Effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor on sterol absorption in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Metabolism 1999;48:68-73. View abstract.

Oster P, Schlierf G, Heuck CC, et al. [Sitosterol in familial hyperlipoproteinemia type II. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1976;101:1308-11. View abstract.

Ostlund RE Jr, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:826-31. View abstract.

Patel SB, Honda A, Salen G. Sitosterolemia: exclusion of genes involved in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 1998;39:1055-61. View abstract.

Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:143-52. View abstract.

Preuss HG, Marcusen C, Regan J, et al. Randomized trial of a combination of natural products (cernitin, saw palmetto, B-sitosterol, vitamin E) on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Int Urol Nephrol 2001; 33: 217-25. View abstract.

Richelle M, Enslen M, Hager C, et al. Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:171-7. View abstract.

Rubnov S, Kashman Y, Rabinowitz R, et al. Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica) resin: isolation and structure elucidation. J Nat Prod 2001;64:993-6. View abstract.

Salen G, Shefer S, Nguyen L, et al. Sisterolemia. J Lipid Res 1992;33:945-55. View abstract.

Salen G, Shore V, Tint GS, et al. Increased sitosterol absorption, decreased removal, and expanded body pools compensate for reduced cholesterol synthesis in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1989;30:1319-30. View abstract.

Salen G, von Bergmann K, Lutjohann D, et al. Ezetimibe effectively reduces plasma plant sterols in patients with sitosterolemia. Circulation 2004;109:966-71. View abstract.

Schlierf G, Oster P, Heuck CC, et al. Sitosterol in juvenile type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1978;30:245-8. View abstract.

Schwartzkopff W, Jantke HJ. [Dose-effect of beta-sitosterin in type IIa and IIb hypercholesterolemias]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1978;120:1575-8. View abstract.

Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN. Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 2001;249:163-6.. View abstract.

Stalenhoef AF. Images in clinical medicine. Phytosterolemia and xanthomatosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349:51.. View abstract.

Sudhop T, Lutjohann D, Kodal A, et al. Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe in humans. Circulation 2002;106:1943-8. View abstract.

Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Spec Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. J Pediatr 2000;136:503-10. View abstract.

Tangedahl TN, Thistle JL, Hofmann AF, et al. Effect of beta-sitosterol alone or in combination with chenic acid on cholesterol saturation of bile and cholesterol absorption in gallstone patients. Gastroenterol 1979;76:1341-6.

Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:334-43. View abstract.

Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ishani A. beta-sitosterol for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. BJU Int 1999;83:976-83. View abstract.

Abrahamsson, H., Ostlund-Lindqvist, A. M., Nilsson, R., Simren, M., and Gillberg, P. G. Altered bile acid metabolism in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation. Scand.J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(12):1483-1488. View abstract.

Aceves, M., Grimalt, J. O., Sunyer, J., Anto, J. M., and Reed, C. E. Identification of soybean dust as an epidemic asthma agent in urban areas by molecular marker and RAST analysis of aerosols. J Allergy Clin.Immunol. 1991;88(1):124-134. View abstract.

Ali, M. S., Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Saiki, I., and Kadota, S. Antiproliferative activity of diarylheptanoids from the seeds of Alpinia blepharocalyx. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2001;24(5):525-528. View abstract.

Amundsen, A. L., Ntanios, F., Put, N., and Ose, L. Long-term compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols and carotenoids in children and parents with FH consuming plant sterol ester-enriched spread. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(12):1612-1620. View abstract.

Andrikopoulos, N. K., Kaliora, A. C., Assimopoulou, A. N., and Papageorgiou, V. P. Inhibitory activity of minor polyphenolic and nonpolyphenolic constituents of olive oil against in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J Med.Food 2002;5(1):1-7. View abstract.

Aringer, L., Eneroth, P., and Nordstrom, L. Side-chain cleavage of 4-cholesten-3-one, 5-cholesten-3 alpha-ol, beta-sitosterol, and related steroids in endocrine tissues from rat and man. J Steroid Biochem. 1979;11(3):1271-1285. View abstract.

Armstrong, M. J. and Carey, M. C. Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles. J Lipid Res 1987;28(10):1144-1155. View abstract.

Awad, A. B. and Fink, C. S. Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2000;130(9):2127-2130. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Begdache, L. A., and Fink, C. S. Effect of sterols and fatty acids on growth and triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr.Biochem. 2000;11(3):153-158. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Chan, K. C., Downie, A. C., and Fink, C. S. Peanuts as a source of beta-sitosterol, a sterol with anticancer properties. Nutr.Cancer 2000;36(2):238-241. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Downie, A. C., and Fink, C. S. Inhibition of growth and stimulation of apoptosis by beta-sitosterol treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture. Int.J Mol.Med. 2000;5(5):541-545. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Downie, A., Fink, C. S., and Kim, U. Dietary phytosterol inhibits the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells grown in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 2000;20(2A):821-824. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Fink, C. S., Williams, H., and Kim, U. In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice) effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Eur.J Cancer Prev. 2001;10(6):507-513. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Gan, Y., and Fink, C. S. Effect of beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, on growth, protein phosphatase 2A, and phospholipase D in LNCaP cells. Nutr.Cancer 2000;36(1):74-78. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Roy, R., and Fink, C. S. Beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Oncol.Rep. 2003;10(2):497-500. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Williams, H., and Fink, C. S. Effect of phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and MAP kinase in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. J Nutr.Biochem. 2003;14(2):111-119. View abstract.

Awad, A. B., Williams, H., and Fink, C. S. Phytosterols reduce in vitro metastatic ability of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Nutr.Cancer 2001;40(2):157-164. View abstract.

Ayesh, R., Weststrate, J. A., Drewitt, P. N., and Hepburn, P. A. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37(12):1127-1138. View abstract.

Baker, W. L., Baker, E. L., and Coleman, C. I. The effect of plant sterols or stanols on lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84(2):e33-e37. View abstract.

Barbagallo, C. M., Emmanuele, G., Cefalu, A. B., Fiore, B., Noto, D., Mazzarino, M. C., Pace, A., Brogna, A., Rizzo, M., Corsini, A., Notarbartolo, A., Travali, S., and Averna, M. R. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia in a Sicilian kindred harboring the 432insA mutation of the ARH gene. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(2):395-400. View abstract.

Basnet, P., Kadota, S., Terashima, S., ShimizuM, and Namba, T. Two new 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycemic activity-bearing fractions of Morus insignis. Chem Pharm.Bull.(Tokyo) 1993;41(7):1238-1243. View abstract.

Beaty, T. H., Kwiterovich, P. O., Jr., Khoury, M. J., White, S., Bachorik, P. S., Smith, H. H., Teng, B., and Sniderman, A. Genetic analysis of plasma sitosterol, apoprotein B, and lipoproteins in a large Amish pedigree with sitosterolemia. Am J Hum.Genet. 1986;38(4):492-504. View abstract.

Begemann, F., Bandomer, G., and Herget, H. J. The influence of beta-sitosterol on biliary cholesterol saturation and bile acid kinetics in man. Scand.J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(1):57-63. View abstract.

Bhadra, S. and Subbiah, M. T. Incorporation of liposomal phytosterols into human cells in culture: a potential in vitro model for investigating pathological effects of phytosterolemia. Biochem.Med.Metab Biol. 1991;46(1):119-124. View abstract.

Bhattacharyya, A. K. and Connor, W. E. Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters. J Clin.Invest 1974;53(4):1033-1043. View abstract.

Bhattacharyya, A. K. and Lopez, L. A. Absorbability of plant sterols and their distribution in rabbit tissues. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 7-27-1979;574(1):146-153. View abstract.

Bhattacharyya, A. K., Connor, W. E., and Lin, D. S. The origin of plant sterols in the skin surface lipids in humans: from diet to plasma to skin. J.Invest Dermatol. 1983;80(4):294-296. View abstract.

Bialluch, W. [Beta-sitosterin in the conservative therapy of prostatic adenoma. Experiences in urologic practice]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 9-20-1980;56(26):1684-1687. View abstract.

Boberg, K. M., Bjorkhem, I., and Skrede, S. Normal activity of C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase in cultured sitosterolaemia fibroblasts. Scand.J Clin.Lab Invest 1987;47(7):701-704. View abstract.

Bouic, P. J., Clark, A., Brittle, W., Lamprecht, J. H., Freestone, M., and Liebenberg, R. W. Plant sterol/sterolin supplement use in a cohort of South African HIV-infected patients--effects on immunological and virological surrogate markers. S.Afr.Med.J 2001;91(10):848-850. View abstract.

Bustos, P., Duffau, C., Pacheco, C., and Ulloa, N. beta-Sitosterol modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interaction: a comparison to female hormones. Maturitas 2008;60(3-4):202-208. View abstract.

Canzler, H. [Drug therapy of hypercholesterinemias (author's transl)]. MMW.Munch.Med.Wochenschr. 3-28-1980;122(13):464-470. View abstract.

Carayanni, V. J., Tsati, E. G., Spyropoulou, G. C., Antonopoulou, F. N., and Ioannovich, J. D. Comparing oil based ointment versus standard practice for the treatment of moderate burns in Greece: a trial based cost effectiveness evaluation. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2011;11:122. View abstract.

Casas-Agustench, P., Serra, M., Perez-Heras, A., Cofan, M., Pinto, X., Trautwein, E. A., and Ros, E. Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterol sterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br.J Nutr 2012;107(12):1766-1775. View abstract.

Charest, A., Desroches, S., Vanstone, C. A., Jones, P. J., and Lamarche, B. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols do not affect LDL electrophoretic characteristics in hypercholesterolemic subjects. J.Nutr. 2004;134(3):592-595. View abstract.

Cicero, A. F., Fiorito, A., Panourgia, M. P., Sangiorgi, Z., and Gaddi, A. Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Am.Diet.Assoc. 2002;102(12):1807-1811. View abstract.

Cicero, A. F., Minardi, M., Mirembe, S., Pedro, E., and Gaddi, A. Effects of a new low dose soy protein/beta-sitosterol association on plasma lipid levels and oxidation. Eur.J Nutr. 2004;43(5):319-322. View abstract.

Clifton, P. M., Mano, M., Duchateau, G. S., van der Knaap, H. C., and Trautwein, E. A. Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(8):968-977. View abstract.

Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., Sullivan, D., Erichsen, N., Ross, D., Annison, G., Fassoulakis, A., Cehun, M., and Nestel, P. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(3):503-509. View abstract.

Cobb, M. M., Salen, G., and Tint, G. S. Comparative effect of dietary sitosterol on plasma sterols and cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in a sitosterolemic homozygote and heterozygote subject. J Am Coll.Nutr. 1997;16(6):605-613. View abstract.

Davidson, M. H., Maki, K. C., Umporowicz, D. M., Ingram, K. A., Dicklin, M. R., Schaefer, E., Lane, R. W., McNamara, J. R., Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., Perrone, G., Robins, S. J., and Franke, W. C. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll.Nutr. 2001;20(4):307-319. View abstract.

Dayal, B., Salen, G., Tint, G. S., Batta, A. K., and Shefer, S. Synthesis of the putative metabolites of plant sterols: (24R)- and (24S)-24-methyl-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrols and 24-ethyl-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24 xi-tetrol. J.Lipid Res. 1984;25(8):865-870. View abstract.

Dayal, B., Tint, G. S., Batta, A. K., Speck, J., Khachadurian, A. K., Shefer, S., and Salen, G. Identification of 5 alpha-stanols in patients with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis: stereochemistry of the protonolysis of steroidal organoboranes. Steroids 1982;40(2):233-243. View abstract.

Dayal, B., Tint, G. S., Toome, V., Batta, A. K., Shefer, S., and Salen, G. Synthesis and structure of 26 (or 27)-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24S,25 xi-pentol isolated from the urine and feces of a patient with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1985;26(3):298-305. View abstract.

de Sain-van der Velden MG, Verrips, A., Prinsen, B. H., de, Barse M., Berger, R., and Visser, G. Elevated cholesterol precursors other than cholestanol can also be a hallmark for CTX. J Inherit.Metab Dis. 2008;31 Suppl 2:S387-S393. View abstract.

De Stefani, E., Boffetta, P., Ronco, A. L., Brennan, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Carzoglio, J. C., and Mendilaharsu, M. Plant sterols and risk of stomach cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr.Cancer 2000;37(2):140-144. View abstract.

de, Jong A., Plat, J., and Mensink, R. P. Plant sterol or stanol consumption does not affect erythrocyte osmotic fragility in patients on statin treatment. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60(8):985-990. View abstract.

Del Puppo, M., Kienle, M. G., Petroni, M. L., Crosignani, A., and Podda, M. Serum 27-hydroxycholesterol in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis suggests alteration of cholesterol catabolism to bile acids via the acidic pathway. J Lipid Res 1998;39(12):2477-2482. View abstract.

Denke, M. A. Lack of efficacy of low-dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol-lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin.Nutr. 1995;61(2):392-396. View abstract.

Desai, F., Ramanathan, M., Fink, C. S., Wilding, G. E., Weinstock-Guttman, B., and Awad, A. B. Comparison of the immunomodulatory effects of the plant sterol beta-sitosterol to simvastatin in peripheral blood cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009;9(1):153-157. View abstract.

Devaraj, S., Jialal, I., and Vega-Lopez, S. Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2004;24(3):e25-e28. View abstract.

Doi, S. Q., Meinertz, H., Nilausen, K., Faria, E. C., and Quintao, E. C. Intestinal cholesterol absorption in the chyluria model. J Lipid Res 1987;28(10):1129-1136. View abstract.

Dreikorn, K. The role of phytotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol. 2002;19(6):426-435. View abstract.

Drexel, H., Breier, C., Lisch, H. J., and Sailer, S. Lowering plasma cholesterol with beta-sitosterol and diet. Lancet 5-23-1981;1(8230):1157. View abstract.

Etminan, K., Gau, H. P., Kanokvichitra, S. C., and Eickenbusch, W. [Beta sitosterin in hypercholesterinemia]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 9-30-1979;55(27):1503-1506. View abstract.

Farkkila, M. A. and Miettinen, T. A. Plasma lathosterol and campesterol in detection of ileal dysfunction. Scand.J Gastroenterol. 1988;23(1):19-25. View abstract.

Fernandez, C., Suarez, Y., Ferruelo, A. J., Gomez-Coronado, D., and Lasuncion, M. A. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by Delta22-unsaturated phytosterols via competitive inhibition of sterol Delta24-reductase in mammalian cells. Biochem.J 8-15-2002;366(Pt 1):109-119. View abstract.

Field, F. J., Born, E., and Mathur, S. N. Effect of micellar beta-sitosterol on cholesterol metabolism in CaCo-2 cells. J Lipid Res 1997;38(2):348-360. View abstract.

Field, F. J., Born, E., and Mathur, S. N. Stanol esters decrease plasma cholesterol independently of intestinal ABC sterol transporters and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein gene expression. J Lipid Res 2004;45(12):2252-2259. View abstract.

Fleischmajer, R., Tint, G. S., and Bennett, H. D. Normolipemic tendon and tuberous xanthomas. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1981;5(3):290-296. View abstract.

Fuentes, F., Lopez-Miranda, J., Garcia, A., Perez-Martinez, P., Moreno, J., Cofan, M., Caballero, J., Paniagua, J. A., Ros, E., and Perez-Jimenez, F. Basal plasma concentrations of plant sterols can predict LDL-C response to sitosterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(4):495-501. View abstract.

Fukushima, M., Miura, S., Mitsutake, R., Fukushima, T., Fukushima, K., and Saku, K. Cholesterol metabolism in patients with hemodialysis in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Circ.J 2012;76(8):1980-1986. View abstract.

Garvey, W. T., Grundy, S. M., and Eckel, R. Xanthogranulomatosis in an adult: lipid analysis of xanthomas and plasma. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1987;16(1 Pt 2):183-187. View abstract.

Gerber, G. S. Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol.Rep. 2002;3(4):285-291. View abstract.

Grahlke, B. K. [Xanthomas of the Achilles tendon as the cardinal symptom of sitolsterolemia]. Dtsch.Med.Wochenschr. 3-1-1991;116(9):335-338. View abstract.

Grandgirard, A., Martine, L., Demaison, L., Cordelet, C., Joffre, C., Berdeaux, O., and Semon, E. Oxyphytosterols are present in plasma of healthy human subjects. Br.J Nutr. 2004;91(1):101-106. View abstract.

Grandgirard, A., Martine, L., Juaneda, P., and Cordelet, C. Sitostanetriol is not formed in vivo from sitosterol in the rat. Reprod.Nutr.Dev. 2004;44(6):609-616. View abstract.

Grundy, S. M., Ahrens, E. H., Jr., and Salen, G. Dietary beta-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies. J Lipid Res 1968;9(3):374-387. View abstract.

Guardamagna, O., Abello, F., Baracco, V., Federici, G., Bertucci, P., Mozzi, A., Mannucci, L., Gnasso, A., and Cortese, C. Primary hyperlipidemias in children: effect of plant sterol supplementation on plasma lipids and markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(2):127-133. View abstract.

Gustafsson, I. B. Determination of the sterol composition of diets used in dietary management of hyperlipoproteinemia. Ups.J Med.Sci. 1980;85(1):35-44. View abstract.

Gylling, H., Hallikainen, M., Simonen, P., Miettinen, H. E., Nissinen, M. J., and Miettinen, T. A. Serum and lipoprotein sitostanol and non-cholesterol sterols after an acute dose of plant stanol ester on its long-term consumption. Eur J Nutr 2012;51(5):615-622. View abstract.

Hallikainen, M., Huikko, L., Kontra, K., Nissinen, M., Piironen, V., Miettinen, T., and Gylling, H. Effect of parenteral serum plant sterols on liver enzymes and cholesterol metabolism in a patient with short bowel syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(4):429-435. View abstract.

Hallikainen, M., Kurl, S., Laakso, M., Miettinen, T. A., and Gylling, H. Plant stanol esters lower LDL cholesterol level in statin-treated subjects with type 1 diabetes by interfering the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2011;217(2):473-478. View abstract.

Hallikainen, M., Lyyra-Laitinen, T., Laitinen, T., Moilanen, L., Miettinen, T. A., and Gylling, H. Effects of plant stanol esters on serum cholesterol concentrations, relative markers of cholesterol metabolism and endothelial function in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2008;199(2):432-439. View abstract.

Hansel, B., Nicolle, C., Lalanne, F., Tondu, F., Lassel, T., Donazzolo, Y., Ferrieres, J., Krempf, M., Schlienger, J. L., Verges, B., Chapman, M. J., and Bruckert, E. Effect of low-fat, fermented milk enriched with plant sterols on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(3):790-796. View abstract.

Hardison, W. G., Tomaszewski, N., and Grundy, S. M. Effect of acute alterations in small bowel transit time upon the biliary excretion rate of bile acids. Gastroenterology 1979;76(3):568-574. View abstract.

Heinemann, T., Leiss, O., and von Bergmann, K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1986;61(3):219-223. View abstract.

Hendriks, H. F., Brink, E. J., Meijer, G. W., Princen, H. M., and Ntanios, F. Y. Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(5):681-692. View abstract.

Hernandez-Mijares, A., Banuls, C., Jover, A., Sola, E., Bellod, L., Martinez-Triguero, M. L., Lagarda, M. J., Victor, V. M., and Rocha, M. Low intestinal cholesterol absorption is associated with a reduced efficacy of phytosterol esters as hypolipemic agents in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2011;30(5):604-609. View abstract.

Hidaka, H., Sugiura, H., Nakamura, T., Kojima, H., Fujita, M., Sugie, N., Okabe, H., Nishio, Y., Maegawa, H., Kashiwagi, A., and Kikkawa, R. beta-Sitosterolemia with generalized eruptive xanthomatosis. Endocr.J 1997;44(1):59-64. View abstract.

Ho, S. S. and Pal, S. Phytosterols decrease the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from HepG2 liver and Caco2 intestinal cells. Asia Pac.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;13(Suppl):S68. View abstract.

Homma, Y., Ikeda, I., Ishikawa, T., Tateno, M., Sugano, M., and Nakamura, H. Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 2003;19(4):369-374. View abstract.

Honda, A., Yamashita, K., Miyazaki, H., Shirai, M., Ikegami, T., Xu, G., Numazawa, M., Hara, T., and Matsuzaki, Y. Highly sensitive analysis of sterol profiles in human serum by LC-ESI-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2008;49(9):2063-2073. View abstract.

Houweling, A. H., Vanstone, C. A., Trautwein, E. A., Duchateau, G. S., and Jones, P. J. Baseline plasma plant sterol concentrations do not predict changes in serum lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma plant sterols following intake of a plant sterol-enriched food. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(4):543-551. View abstract.

IJzerman, R. G., Stehouwer, C. D., de Geus, E. J., van Weissenbruch, M. M., Delemarre-van de Waal HA, and Boomsma, D. I. The association between low birth weight and high levels of cholesterol is not due to an increased cholesterol synthesis or absorption: analysis in twins. Pediatr.Res 2002;52(6):868-872. View abstract.

Ilias, A. M., Connor, W. E., Cory, H. T., Lin, D. S., Daves, G. D., Jr., and Krippaehne, W. W. Sterols of human gallstones: the recent identification of eight different digitonin precipitable sterols. Gastroenterology 1980;79(3):539-544. View abstract.

Jackson, C. J., Lamb, D. C., Kelly, D. E., and Kelly, S. L. Bactericidal and inhibitory effects of azole antifungal compounds on Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 11-15-2000;192(2):159-162. View abstract.

Jakulj, L., Vissers, M. N., Tanck, M. W., Hutten, B. A., Stellaard, F., Kastelein, J. J., and Dallinga-Thie, G. M. ABCG5/G8 polymorphisms and markers of cholesterol metabolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Lipid Res 2010;51(10):3016-3023. View abstract.

Jones, P. J. Cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols. Curr.Atheroscler.Rep. 1999;1(3):230-235. View abstract.

Jones, P. J., Howell, T., MacDougall, D. E., Feng, J. Y., and Parsons, W. Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism 1998;47(6):751-756. View abstract.

Jourdain, C., Tenca, G., Deguercy, A., Troplin, P., and Poelman, D. In-vitro effects of polyphenols from cocoa and beta-sitosterol on the growth of human prostate cancer and normal cells. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15(4):353-361. View abstract.

Ju, Y. H., Clausen, L. M., Allred, K. F., Almada, A. L., and Helferich, W. G. beta-Sitosterol, beta-Sitosterol Glucoside, and a Mixture of beta-Sitosterol and beta-Sitosterol Glucoside Modulate the Growth of Estrogen-Responsive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice. J Nutr. 2004;134(5):1145-1151. View abstract.

Kadow, C. and Abrams, P. H. A double-blind trial of the effect of beta-sitosteryl glucoside (WA184) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur.Urol. 1986;12(3):187-189. View abstract.

Kaffarnik, H., Muhlfellner, G., Muhlfellner, O., Schneider, J., Hausmann, L., Zofel, P., Schubotz, R., and Fuchs, F. [Beta-sitosterin in the treatment of essential type II hyperlipoproteinemias]. Fortschr.Med. 12-8-1977;95(46):2785-2787. View abstract.

Kallen, C. B., Billheimer, J. T., Summers, S. A., Stayrook, S. E., Lewis, M., and Strauss, J. F., III. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is a sterol transfer protein. J Biol.Chem 10-9-1998;273(41):26285-26288. View abstract.

Kandziora, J. [Lowering of the serum cholesterol level with beta-sitosterin. Experiences from the medical practice]. Med.Welt. 1980;31(8):302-303. View abstract.

Karlaganis, G., Bremmelgaard, A., Karlaganis, V., and Sjovall, J. Precursor of 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24,25-pentol in man. J Steroid Biochem. 1983;18(6):725-729. View abstract.

Kassen, A. [Effect of beta-sitosterin on the growth of the prostate]. Krankenpfl.J 1999;37(7-8):286. View abstract.

Kassis, A. N., Vanstone, C. A., AbuMweis, S. S., and Jones, P. J. Efficacy of plant sterols is not influenced by dietary cholesterol intake in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Metabolism 2008;57(3):339-346. View abstract.

Katan, M. B., Grundy, S. M., Jones, P., Law, M., Miettinen, T., and Paoletti, R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin.Proc. 2003;78(8):965-978. View abstract.

Kelly, E. R., Plat, J., Mensink, R. P., and Berendschot, T. T. Effects of long term plant sterol and -stanol consumption on the retinal vasculature: a randomized controlled trial in statin users. Atherosclerosis 2011;214(1):225-230. View abstract.

Kempen, H. J., de Knijff, P., Boomsma, D. I., van der Voort, H. A., Gevers Leuven, J. A., and Havekes, L. Plasma levels of lathosterol and phytosterols in relation to age, sex, anthropometric parameters, plasma lipids, and apolipoprotein E phenotype, in 160 Dutch families. Metabolism 1991;40(6):604-611. View abstract.

Kempen, H. J., Gevers Leuven, J. A., van der Voort, H. A., de Knijff, P., and Havekes, L. Lathosterol level in plasma is elevated in type III hyperlipoproteinemia, but not in non-type III subjects with apolipoprotein E2/2 phenotype, nor in type IIa or IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. Metabolism 1991;40(3):231-235. View abstract.

Kennedy, A. R. The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents. J Nutr 1995;125(3 Suppl):733S-743S. View abstract.

Ketomaki, A. M., Gylling, H., Antikainen, M., Siimes, M. A., and Miettinen, T. A. Red cell and plasma plant sterols are related during consumption of plant stanol and sterol ester spreads in children with hypercholesterolemia. J.Pediatr. 2003;142(5):524-531. View abstract.

Khabazian, I., Bains, J. S., Williams, D. E., Cheung, J., Wilson, J. M., Pasqualotto, B. A., Pelech, S. L., Andersen, R. J., Wang, Y. T., Liu, L., Nagai, A., Kim, S. U., Craig, U. K., and Shaw, C. A. Isolation of various forms of sterol beta-D-glucoside from the seed of Cycas circinalis: neurotoxicity and implications for ALS-parkinsonism dementia complex. J Neurochem. 2002;82(3):516-528. View abstract.

Klingeberg, J. [Measurement of urinary flow in general practice. Efficacy of beta-sitosterine]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 10-10-1981;57(28):1634-1637. View abstract.

Kobayashi, Y., Sugaya, Y., and Tokue, A. [Clinical effects of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) on benign prostatic hyperplasia: preliminary study]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1998;44(12):865-868. View abstract.

Koletzko, B., Filler, R. M., and Heim, T. Immaturity alters plasma lipoprotein composition of intravenously alimented newborn infants. Eur.J Med.Res 2-21-1998;3(1-2):89-94. View abstract.

Korpela, J. T. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography of faecal free and esterified neutral sterols. Scand.J Clin.Lab Invest 1982;42(6):529-534. View abstract.

Koschutnig, K., Heikkinen, S., Kemmo, S., Lampi, A. M., Piironen, V., and Wagner, K. H. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of single and mixed oxides of beta-sitosterol on HepG2-cells. Toxicol.In Vitro 2009;23(5):755-762. View abstract.

Kratz, M., Kannenberg, F., Gramenz, E., Berning, B., Trautwein, E., Assmann, G., and Rust, S. Similar serum plant sterol responses of human subjects heterozygous for a mutation causing sitosterolemia and controls to diets enriched in plant sterols or stanols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61(7):896-905. View abstract.

Kuksis, A., Myher, J. J., Marai, L., Little, J. A., McArthur, R. G., and Roncari, D. A. Fatty acid composition of individual plasma steryl esters in phytosterolemia and xanthomatosis. Lipids 1986;21(6):371-377. View abstract.

Kuriyama, M., Hokezu, Y., Togo, S., Nagata, K., Takahashi, K., Igakura, T., and Osame, M. [Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in patients with senile dementia]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1992;29(7-8):559-564. View abstract.

Kurvinen, A., Nissinen, M. J., Andersson, S., Korhonen, P., Ruuska, T., Taimisto, M., Kalliomaki, M., Lehtonen, L., Sankilampi, U., Arikoski, P., Saarela, T., Miettinen, T. A., Gylling, H., and Pakarinen, M. P. Parenteral plant sterols and intestinal failure-associated liver disease in neonates. J Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr 2012;54(6):803-811. View abstract.

Kwiterovich, P. O., Jr., Bachorik, P. S., Smith, H. H., McKusick, V. A., Connor, W. E., Teng, B., and Sniderman, A. D. Hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia in two families with xanthomas and phytosterolaemia. Lancet 2-28-1981;1(8218):466-469. View abstract.

Labonte, M. E., Couture, P., Paquin, P., Chouinard, Y., Lemieux, S., and Lamarche, B. Comparison of the impact of trans fatty acids from ruminant and industrial sources on surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in healthy men. Mol.Nutr Food Res 2011;55 Suppl 2:S241-S247. View abstract.

Laitinen, K., Isolauri, E., Kaipiainen, L., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety. Br.J Nutr 2009;101(12):1797-1804. View abstract.

Lally, S. E., Owens, D., and Tomkin, G. H. Sitosterol and cholesterol in chylomicrons of type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: the relationship with ATP binding cassette proteins G5 and G8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 mRNA. Diabetologia 2007;50(1):217-219. View abstract.

Lau, H. L., Puah, C. W., Choo, Y. M., Ma, A. N., and Chuah, C. H. Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high-temperature gas chromatography--flame ionization detection. Lipids 2005;40(5):523-528. View abstract.

Lee, S., Kim, K. S., Shim, S. H., Park, Y. M., and Kim, B. K. Constituents from the non-polar fraction of Artemisia apiacea. Arch.Pharm.Res 2003;26(11):902-905. View abstract.

Louw, I. and et al. A pilot study of the clinical effects of a mixture of Beta-Sitosterol and Beta-Sitosterol glucoside in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Abstract NutritionWeek Congress 2002;

Lu, K., Lee, M. H., and Patel, S. B. Dietary cholesterol absorption; more than just bile. Trends Endocrinol.Metab 2001;12(7):314-320. View abstract.

Luomala, M., Paiva, H., Laaksonen, R., Thelen, K., Lutjohann, D., Peltonen, N., and Lehtimaki, T. Plasma-soluble CD40 is related to cholesterol metabolism in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Scand.Cardiovasc.J 2006;40(5):280-284. View abstract.

Lupattelli, G., Siepi, D., De, Vuono S., Roscini, A. R., Crisanti, F., Covelli, D., Pirro, M., and Mannarino, E. Cholesterol metabolism differs after statin therapy according to the type of hyperlipemia. Life Sci 6-6-2012;90(21-22):846-850. View abstract.

Lutjohann, D., Bjorkhem, I., and Ose, L. Phytosterolaemia in a Norwegian family: diagnosis and characterization of the first Scandinavian case. Scand.J Clin.Lab Invest 1996;56(3):229-240. View abstract.

Mabrouk, A., Boughdadi, N. S., Helal, H. A., Zaki, B. M., and Maher, A. Moist occlusive dressing (Aquacel((R)) Ag) versus moist open dressing (MEBO((R))) in the management of partial-thickness facial burns: a comparative study in Ain Shams University. Burns 2012;38(3):396-403. View abstract.

Maguire, L., Konoplyannikov, M., Ford, A., Maguire, A. R., and O'Brien, N. M. Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of beta-sitosterol oxides and a cholesterol oxide, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, in cultured mammalian cells. Br.J Nutr. 2003;90(4):767-775. View abstract.

Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991;35(2):149-153. View abstract.

Mannarino, E., Pirro, M., Cortese, C., Lupattelli, G., Siepi, D., Mezzetti, A., Bertolini, S., Parillo, M., Fellin, R., Pujia, A., Averna, M., Nicolle, C., and Notarbartolo, A. Effects of a phytosterol-enriched dairy product on lipids, sterols and 8-isoprostane in hypercholesterolemic patients: a multicenter Italian study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2009;19(2):84-90. View abstract.

Matos, M. F., Leite, L. I., Brustolim, D., de Siqueira, J. M., Carollo, C. A., Hellmann, A. R., Pereira, N. F., and da Silva, D. B. Antineoplastic activity of selected constituents of Duguetia glabriuscula. Fitoterapia 2006;77(3):227-229. View abstract.

Matthan, N. R., Giovanni, A., Schaefer, E. J., Brown, B. G., and Lichtenstein, A. H. Impact of simvastatin, niacin, and/or antioxidants on cholesterol metabolism in CAD patients with low HDL. J Lipid Res 2003;44(4):800-806. View abstract.

Matthan, N. R., Resteghini, N., Robertson, M., Ford, I., Shepherd, J., Packard, C., Buckley, B. M., Jukema, J. W., Lichtenstein, A. H., and Schaefer, E. J. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in individuals with and without a CHD event during pravastatin therapy: insights from the PROSPER trial. J Lipid Res 2010;51(1):202-209. View abstract.

Mattson, F. H., Grundy, S. M., and Crouse, J. R. Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1982;35(4):697-700. View abstract.

Meguro, S., Higashi, K., Hase, T., Honda, Y., Otsuka, A., Tokimitsu, I., and Itakura, H. Solubilization of phytosterols in diacylglycerol versus triacylglycerol improves the serum cholesterol-lowering effect. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2001;55(7):513-517. View abstract.

Mel'nikov, S. M., Seijen ten Hoorn, J. W., and Eijkelenboom, A. P. Effect of phytosterols and phytostanols on the solubilization of cholesterol by dietary mixed micelles: an in vitro study. Chem Phys.Lipids 2004;127(2):121-141. View abstract.

Mellies, M. J., Ishikawa, T. T., Glueck, C. J., Bove, K., and Morrison, J. Phytosterols in aortic tissue in adults and infants. J Lab Clin.Med. 1976;88(6):914-921. View abstract.

Mellies, M., Glueck, C. J., Sweeney, C., Fallat, R. W., Tsang, R. C., and Ishikawa, T. T. Plasma and dietary phytosterols in children. Pediatrics 1976;57(1):60-67. View abstract.

Mensink, R. P., Ebbing, S., Lindhout, M., Plat, J., and van Heugten, M. M. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis 2002;160(1):205-213. View abstract.

Michel, M. C., Bressel, H. U., Mehlburger, L., and Goepel, M. Tamsulosin: real life clinical experience in 19,365 patients. Eur.Urol. 1998;34 Suppl 2:37-45. View abstract.

Miehle, W. Arthrosis or osteoarthritis: do these terms imply therapy with pure analgesics or non-steroidal antirheumatic agents? Scand.J Rheumatol.Suppl 1987;65:123-130. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A. and Gylling, H. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 1999;10(1):9-14. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A. and Tarpila, S. Fecal beta-sitosterol in patients with diverticular disease of the colon and in vegetarians. Scand.J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(5):573-576. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A. Phytosterolaemia, xanthomatosis and premature atherosclerotic arterial disease: a case with high plant sterol absorption, impaired sterol elimination and low cholesterol synthesis. Eur.J Clin.Invest 1980;10(1):27-35. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A., Farkkila, M., Vuoristo, M., Karvonen, A. L., Leino, R., Lehtola, J., Friman, C., Seppala, K., and Tuominen, J. Serum cholestanol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols during placebo-controlled treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis with ursodeoxycholic acid or colchicine. Hepatology 1995;21(5):1261-1268. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A., Klett, E. L., Gylling, H., Isoniemi, H., and Patel, S. B. Liver transplantation in a patient with sitosterolemia and cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2006;130(2):542-547. View abstract.

Miettinen, T. A., Nissinen, M., Lepantalo, M., Alback, A., Railo, M., Vikatmaa, P., Kaste, M., Mustanoja, S., and Gylling, H. Non-cholesterol sterols in serum and endarterectomized carotid arteries after a short-term plant stanol and sterol ester challenge. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2011;21(3):182-188. View abstract.

Monograph. Plant sterols and sterolins. Altern.Med.Rev. 2001;6(2):203-206. View abstract.

Mora-Ranjeva, M. P., Charveron, M., Fabre, B., Milon, A., and Muller, I. Incorporation of phytosterols in human keratinocytes. Consequences on UVA-induced lipid peroxidation and calcium ionophore-induced prostaglandin release. Chem Phys.Lipids 2006;141(1-2):216-224. View abstract.

Muhlfellner, G., Muhlfellner, O., and Kaffarnik, H. [Beta-sitosterin in unsuccessfully pretreated patients with hypercholesteremia. Simultaneously, a contribution to dose dependence]. Med.Klin. 4-30-1976;71(18):775-778. View abstract.

Muti, P., Awad, A. B., Schunemann, H., Fink, C. S., Hovey, K., Freudenheim, J. L., Wu, Y. W., Bellati, C., Pala, V., and Berrino, F. A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4252-4255. View abstract.

Myers, L. and Bouic, P. J. D. Flow Cytometric Analysis of the TH1 - TH2 shift in allergic individuals using Moducare(TM) (sterols/sterolins). Proc.26th Annu Cong Physiol Soc S.Afr. 1998;Abstract 178.

Myrie, S. B., Mymin, D., Triggs-Raine, B., and Jones, P. J. Serum lipids, plant sterols, and cholesterol kinetic responses to plant sterol supplementation in phytosterolemia heterozygotes and control individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(4):837-844. View abstract.

Nagaoka, S., Futamura, Y., Miwa, K., Awano, T., Yamauchi, K., Kanamaru, Y., Tadashi, K., and Kuwata, T. Identification of novel hypocholesterolemic peptides derived from bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin. Biochem.Biophys Res Commun. 2-16-2001;281(1):11-17. View abstract.

Nair, P. P., Turjman, N., Kessie, G., Calkins, B., Goodman, G. T., Davidovitz, H., and Nimmagadda, G. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Am J Clin.Nutr. 1984;40(4 Suppl):927-930. View abstract.

Nakamura, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Hiroki, I., Sato, K., Ohtsuki, K., Chang, C. C., Upham, B. L., and Trosko, J. E. Beta-sitosterol from psyllium seed husk (Plantago ovata Forsk) restores gap junctional intercellular communication in Ha-ras transfected rat liver cells. Nutr.Cancer 2005;51(2):218-225. View abstract.

Naumann, E., Plat, J., and Mensink, R. P. Changes in serum concentrations of noncholesterol sterols and lipoproteins in healthy subjects do not depend on the ratio of plant sterols to stanols in the diet. J.Nutr. 2003;133(9):2741-2747. View abstract.

Naumann, E., van Rees, A. B., Onning, G., Oste, R., Wydra, M., and Mensink, R. P. Beta-glucan incorporated into a fruit drink effectively lowers serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):601-605. View abstract.

See 59 Reviews for this Treatment - OR -

Learn about User Reviews and read IMPORTANT information about user generated content

Conditions of Use and Important Information: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. © Therapeutic Research Faculty 2009.

Today on WebMD