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ancient Egypt
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- Introduction to ancient Egyptian civilization
- The Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods
- The Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 bc) and the First Intermediate period (c. 2130–1938 bc)
- The Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bc) and the Second Intermediate period (c. 1630–1540 bc)
- The New Kingdom
- Egypt from 1075 bc to the Macedonian invasion
- Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bc)
- Roman and Byzantine Egypt (30 bc–ad 642)
- Related
- Contributors & Bibliography
From prehistory to the Second Intermediate Period
- Introduction
- Introduction to ancient Egyptian civilization
- The Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods
- The Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 bc) and the First Intermediate period (c. 2130–1938 bc)
- The Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bc) and the Second Intermediate period (c. 1630–1540 bc)
- The New Kingdom
- Egypt from 1075 bc to the Macedonian invasion
- Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bc)
- Roman and Byzantine Egypt (30 bc–ad 642)
- Related
- Contributors & Bibliography
From the New Kingdom to 332 bc
The rise of the New Kingdom is treated in Jürgen Von Beckerath, Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten (1964). Donald B. Redford, History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies (1967) and Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh (1996) include a reevaluation of Hatshepsut. An informative account of the New Kingdom empire at its height is David O’Connor and Eric H. Cline (eds.), Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign (1998). For the controversial Amarna period, Rolf Krauss, Das Ende der Amarnazeit: Beitr. zur Geschichte u. Chronologie d. Neuen Reiches (1978); and Donald B. Redford, Akhenaten, the Heretic King (1984), offer strongly contrasting interpretations. Cyril Aldred, Akhenaten, King of Egypt (1988), is a good collection of the overall evidence for the period, and inscriptions of the time are translated by William J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (1995). For the Ramesside period, K.A. Kitchen, Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II King of Egypt (1982), sets its subject in context, presenting the New Kingdom in general as well as Ramses’ own reign. Edward F. Wente, Late Ramesside Letters (1967), deals with material from the end of the same period. The major work on the economy at that time is J.J. Janssen, Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period: An Economic Study of the Village of Necropolis Workmen at Thebes (1975). John Romer, Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs (1984), presents the life of the same community. T.G.H. James, Pharaoh’s People: Scenes from Life in Imperial Egypt (1984), is concerned with lifestyles of higher ranks of society in the same general period. K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 B.C.), 2nd rev. ed. (1986), is the basic work on the period. Hermann Kees, Das Priestertum im ägyptischen Staat, vom neuen Reich bis zur Spätzeit (1953), with an index volume, Indices und Nachträge (1958), is a comprehensive analysis of the Egyptian priesthoods. This fundamental institution of the Late Period is also valuably treated in Serge Sauneron, The Priests of Ancient Egypt (1960, reprinted 1980; originally published in French, 1957). The period from the Saite 26th dynasty until Alexander the Great is addressed in Friedrich K. Kienitz, Die politische Geschichte Ägyptens vom 7. bis 4. Jahrhundert vor der Zeitwende (1953), based on both Egyptian and classical sources. Alan B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, 2 vol. (1975–76), contains much material on the Late Period.
Hellenistic and Roman Egypt
Valuable analyses of the period in general include Harold I. Bell, Egypt, from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest: A Study in the Diffusion and Decay of Hellenism (1948, reprinted 1980); Alan K. Bowman, Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 B.C.–A.D. 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest (1986); and Roger S. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity (1993). The basic general works on the papyri are L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, 2 vol. in 4 (1912, reprinted 1963); and E.G. Turner, Greek Papyri: An Introduction (1968, reissued 1980), with its illustrated companion, Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World (1971).
Ptolemaic Egypt is treated in Dorothy J. Crawford, Kerkeosiris: An Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period (1971); P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, 3 vol. (1972); J. Grafton Milne, A History of Egypt Under Roman Rule, 3rd rev. ed. (1924); Orsolina Montevecchi, La papirologia (1973); Alan E. Samuel, From Athens to Alexandria: Hellenism and Social Goals in Ptolemaic Egypt (1983); Naphtali Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the Hellenistic World (1986); E.E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1983); M. Rostovtzeff, The Social & Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 3 vol. (1941, reprinted with corrections 1972); Sarah B. Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra (1984); Dorothy J. Thompson, Memphis Under the Ptolemies (1988); and Günther Hölbl, History of the Ptolemaic Empire (2001; originally published in German, 1994).
Roman Egypt is the focus of A.C. Johnson, Roman Egypt to the Reign of Diocletian, vol. 2 in Tenney Frank (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, 6 vol. (1933–40, reprinted 1975); A.H.M. Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2nd ed. (1971, reprinted 1983); and Naphtali Lewis, Life in Egypt Under Roman Rule (1983). Studies of Byzantine Egypt include Alfred J. Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion, 2nd ed., revised by P.M. Fraser (1978); Edward Rochie Hardy, The Large Estates of Byzantine Egypt (1931, reprinted 1968), and Christian Egypt: Church and People: Christianity and Nationalism in the Patriarchate of Alexandria (1952); Allan Chester Johnson and Louis C. West, Byzantine Egypt: Economic Studies (1949, reprinted 1967); and Colin H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt (1979).
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