Sociosexual behaviour
By far the greatest amount of sociosexual behaviour is heterosexual behaviour between only one male and one female. Heterosexual behaviour frequently begins in childhood, and, while much of it may be motivated by curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia, many children engage in sex play because it is pleasurable. The sexual impulse and responsiveness are present in varying degrees in most children and latent in the remainder. With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact, labelled necking or petting, is a part of the learning process and ultimately of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.
Petting varies from hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the clothed body to techniques involving genital stimulation. Petting may be done for its own sake as an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, and it may occur as a preliminary to coitus. This last form of petting is known as foreplay. In a minority of cases, but a substantial minority, petting leads to orgasm and may be a substitute for coitus. Excluding foreplay, petting is usually very stereotyped, beginning with hugging and kissing and gradually escalating to stimulation of the breasts and genitalia. In most societies petting and its escalation are initiated by the male more often than by the female, who generally rejects or accepts the male’s overtures but refrains from playing a more aggressive role. Petting in some form is a near-universal human experience and is valuable not only in mate selection but as a means of learning how to interact with another person sexually.
Coitus, the insertion of the penis into the vagina, is viewed by society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals. The majority of human societies permit premarital coitus, at least under certain circumstances. In more repressive societies, such as modern Western society, it is more likely to be tolerated (but not encouraged) if the individuals intend marriage. Marital coitus is usually regarded as an obligation in most societies. Extramarital coitus, particularly by wives, is generally condemned and, if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional conditions or with specified persons. Societies tend to be more lenient toward males than females regarding extramarital coitus. This double standard of morality is also seen in premarital life. Postmarital coitus (i.e., coitus by separated, divorced or widowed persons) is almost always ignored. Even societies that try to confine coitus to marriage recognize the difficulty of trying to force abstinence upon sexually experienced and usually older persons.
In the United States and much of Europe, there has been, within the last century, a progressive trend toward an increase in premarital coitus. Currently in the United States, at least three-quarters of the males and over half of the females have experienced premarital coitus. The proportions for this experience vary in different groups and socioeconomic classes. In Scandinavia, the incidence of premarital coitus is far greater, exceeding the 90 percent mark in Sweden, where it is now expected behaviour.
Extramarital coitus continues to be openly condemned but is becoming more tolerated secretly, particularly if mitigating circumstances are involved. In some areas, such as southern Europe and Latin America, extramarital coitus is expected of most husbands and is accepted by society if the behaviour is not too flagrant. The wives do not generally approve but are resigned to what they believe to be a masculine propensity. In the United States, where at least half the husbands and one-quarter of the wives have extramarital coitus at some point in their lives, there have recently developed small organizations or clubs that exist to provide extramarital coitus for married couples. Despite the publicity they have engendered, however, extremely few individuals have belonged to such organizations. Most extramarital coitus is done secretly without the knowledge of the spouse. Most husbands and wives feel very possessive of their spouses and interpret extramarital activity as an aspersion on their own sexual adequacy, as indicating a loss of affection and as being a source of social disgrace.
Human beings are not inherently monogamous but have a natural desire for diversity in their sexuality as in other aspects of life. Some societies have provided a release for these desires by suspending the restraints on extramarital coitus on special occasions or with certain individuals, and in modern Western society a certain amount of extramarital flirtation or mild petting at parties is not considered unusual behaviour.
Discussion of sociosexual behaviour would be incomplete without some note of the role it has played in ceremony and religion. While the major religions of today are to varying degrees antisexual, many religions have incorporated sexual behaviour into their rites and ceremonies. Human beings’ ancient and continuing interest in their own fertility and in that of food plants and animals makes such a connection between sex and religion inevitable, particularly among peoples with uncertain food supplies. In most religions the deities were considered to have active sexual lives and sometimes took a sexual interest in humans. In this regard it is noteworthy that in Christianity sexual behaviour is absent in heaven and sexual proclivities are ascribed only to evil supernatural beings: Satan, devils, incubi, and succubi (spirits or demons who seek out sleeping humans for sexual intercourse).
Whether or not a behaviour is interpreted by society or the individual as erotic (i.e., capable of engendering sexual response) depends chiefly on the context in which the behaviour occurs. A kiss, for example, may express asexual affection (as a kiss between relatives), respect (a French officer kissing a soldier after bestowing a medal on him), reverence (kissing the hand or foot of a pope), or it may be a casual salutation and social amenity. Even something as specific as touching genitalia is not construed as sexual if done for medical reasons. In other words, the apparent motivation of the behaviour determines its interpretation.
Individuals are extremely sensitive in judging motivations: a greeting kiss, if protracted more than a second or two, takes on a sexual connotation, and recent studies show that if an adult male at a party stands closer than the length of his hand and forearm to a female, she generally imputes a sexual motive to his proximity. Nudity is construed as erotic or even as a sexual invitation—unless it occurs in a medical context, in a group consisting of but one gender, or in a nudist camp.