feast

Nature and significance

Concepts of sacred times

By their very nature, feasts and festivals are special times, not just in the sense that they are extraordinary occasions but more so in the sense that they are separate from ordinary times. According to Mircea Eliade, a Romanian-American historian of religion, festival time is sacred; i.e., it participates in the transcendent (or supernatural) realm in which the patterns of man’s religious, social, or cultural institutions and activities were or are established. Through ritualistic re-enactment of the events that inform man about his origin, identity, and destiny, a participant in a festival identifies himself with the sacred time:

In religions and cultures that view time as cyclical—and this applies to most non-monotheistic religions and the cultures influenced by them—man understands his status in the cosmos, in part, through special times (e.g., New Year’s festivals) celebrating the victory of order in nature over chaos. New Year’s festivals have been celebrated in recorded history for more than five millennia. In ancient Mesopotamia, for example, Sumerians and Babylonians celebrated the renewal of the life-sustaining spring rains in the month of Nisan—although some cities of Mesopotamia retained an ancient custom of celebrating a second similar festival when the rains returned in the month of Tishri (autumn). Sacrifices of grain and other foods were dedicated to the gods Dumuzi (or Tammuz) or Marduk, major fertility deities, at a ziggurat (tower temple), after which the people participated in feasting, dancing, and other appropriate ritualistic activities.

In the 20th century, the view that New Year’s Day is a time significant in the victory of order over disorder has been celebrated, for example, in areas influenced by Chinese religions. In order to frighten the kuei (evil or unpredictable spirits), which are believed to be dispersed by light and noise, participants in the New Year’s festival light torches, lanterns, bonfires, and candles and explode firecrackers. In 1953, when the first day of the lunar New Year coincided with a solar eclipse, the government of the People’s Republic of China (which has been anti-religious in its propaganda and official activities) expressed an anxiety that the repressed “religious popular superstitions” might encourage some form of anti-government activity. According to the views of Confucius (6th–5th centuries bc) and Mencius (4th–3rd centuries bc), two of China’s great religious teachers, whose social and ethical influences have extended into the 20th century, a solar eclipse during the New Year’s festival is a sign of a coming disaster and of a lack of favour by Shang Ti, the Heavenly Lord, who sends omens to indicate his disapproval of man’s evil activities.

In religions and cultures that conceive of time as linear, progressing from a beginning toward an end time, when the whole cosmos will be renewed or changed, people understand their status (i.e., origin, identity, and destiny) in relationship to particular events in history that have a significance similar to those expressed in the myths of people who view time as cyclical. Jews understand their status as members of the “people of God,” who were “chosen” during the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt in the 13th century bc to be witnesses to the liberating love of Yahweh (their God). Being the chosen “people of God” is celebrated especially during the Passover festival—in which the Exodus is ritually re-enacted and commemorated—in the month of Nisan (spring). Similarly, the Christian understands his status as a member of the “new people of God.” He believes that he has been chosen by Christ, who was crucified and resurrected by God in the 1st century ad, to work for the Kingdom of God that was inaugurated in the first advent of Christ and will be consummated at the Parousia, the Second Coming of Christ as king and judge. The festival of the Resurrection, or Easter, is ritually re-enacted every year in order that the believer may participate in the present and future kingdom of peace. The eucharistic feast (the Holy Communion), though celebrated at many and various times during the year, originated in the event (namely, the Lord’s Supper on Holy Thursday preceding Christ’s Passion) that has been interpreted as a commemoration of the crucifixion and Resurrection. Just as the New Year’s festivals of the religions that interpreted sacred time as cyclical incorporated both remorse and joy in their celebrations, so also the feasts of the Passover and the Resurrection include sorrow for the sins of the individual and of mankind and joy and hope for the salvation of man and the world (see also calendar: Ancient and religious calendar systems; Jewish religious year; church year).