England
English sculpture of the early 17th century was very provincial, with Nicholas Stone and Edward Marshall the only English-born sculptors to rise above the general level of mediocrity. Their styles were based on contemporary Netherlandish sculpture with small admixtures of Italian influence; and after 1660 the uncomprehending borrowings of John Bushnell from Bernini serve only to make his figures look ludicrous. The most distinguished English-born sculptor of the second half of the 17th century was Edward Pierce, in whose rare busts is to be found something of Bernini’s vigour and intensity. But the general run of English sculpture as represented by Francis Bird, Edward Stanton, and even the internationally renowned woodcarver Grinling Gibbons remained unexceptional. It was not until John Michael Rysbrack from Antwerp settled in England in c. 1720, followed by the Frenchman Louis-François Roubillac in c. 1732, that two sculptors of European stature were active in England. The busts and tombs of Rysbrack and Roubillac have a power and vitality previously unknown in English sculpture; they were responsible for the revival that took place in the 18th century.