Yokohama, city and port, capital of Kanagawa ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. The second most populous city in the country, it is a major component of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, the largest urban agglomeration in Japan.
Yokohama is situated on the western coast of Tokyo Bay, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Tokyo; the major industrial city of Kawasaki lies between the two larger metropolises. Yokohama stands on a coastal plain shut in by hills, one of which terminates toward the southeast in a promontory called Cape Hommoku. The climate is mild in winter and hot and humid in summer. Early summer and early autumn are rainy seasons; typhoons often strike in September. Area 167 square miles (433 square km). Pop. (2008 est.) 3,651,428.
History
Yokohama was only a small fishing village when in 1854 Matthew C. Perry arrived with his fleet of U.S. naval warships at the harbour of the neighbouring town of Kanagawa. Five years later Kanagawa was designated Japan’s first port under the Harris Treaty (1858) where foreigners could reside and trade. However, Kanagawa was an important post station on the Tōkaidō, Japan’s main east-west road at the time, and the Japanese government did not want foreigners to have access to it. Instead, it established the port at Yokohama, which was isolated from the highway and had a deepwater harbour superior to that at Kanagawa.
The area flourished with the growth of Japan’s foreign trade and shipping after the Meiji Restoration (1868), and in 1889 the city of Yokohama was established through the amalgamation of Kanagawa and Yokohama. Basic municipal services (water, electricity, and gas) were installed beginning in the late 1880s. The city grew rapidly, becoming one of the country’s major ports and trading centres.
Yokohama was destroyed by the great Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake and subsequent fire in September 1923, which killed some 20,000 people. The city was rebuilt quickly, and the northwestern area was developed into a major industrial zone. The ward system of government was introduced in 1927.
Yokohama was severely damaged by Allied air raids in 1945, during World War II, but this time reconstruction was somewhat hampered by the U.S. occupation of Japan (1945–52). The pace of rebuilding quickened in the 1950s. The population, which at the end of the war was some three-fifths of what it had been in 1943, grew steadily in the early postwar years. Population growth began increasing at a faster rate after 1960, and by 1980 the city had surpassed Ōsaka to become the second largest in Japan.
The contemporary city
Yokohama and Kawasaki form the centre of the Keihin Industrial Zone. Much of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area’s heavy manufacturing is concentrated there, including shipbuilding and the production of chemicals, machinery, primary metals, petroleum products, automobiles, and fabricated metal goods. The port of Yokohama, one of the largest in Japan, handles imports of raw materials for the surrounding industrial zone and a wide range of exports.
Yokohama’s business district, containing many important banks and other businesses, is concentrated around the port. It extends southward along Yokohama Bay from the main Yokohama railway station, through the newer Minato Mirai 21 district (containing Landmark Tower), to the historic Yokohama city centre just south and east of the bay. Another business area, north of and farther inland than the original one, has emerged in the vicinity of Shin-Yokohama railway station (of the Shinkansen) and has attracted information technology and related businesses. The main Yokohama station area is the central shopping district as well as the city’s transportation hub, with several rail and subway lines passing through it. Minato Mirai 21 and the historic city centre—including Isezaki district, inland from Sakuragi-chō railway station—are also home to many businesses and shops. The industrial area is farther north along the coast, toward Kawasaki.
To the south of the business district is Yamate, a hilly residential area. Yamashita Park, which was laid out in 1925 over rubble from the 1923 quake that had been pushed into the harbour, offers a splendid view of the harbour area. A pedestrian promenade connects the park to Sakuragi-chō station. Farther south and a short way from the shore, Sankei Garden contains a collection of historic buildings (notably an ancient pagoda) that were brought from other parts of the country. Positioned on a hill above Yamashita Park is Nogeyama Park, which, with its beautiful gardens, open-air theatre, concert hall, and zoo, is one of the largest parks in the city.
Yokohama’s active cultural life is enhanced by its many public and private universities. The Kanazawa Library, founded in 1275, is renowned for its collection of historical books and documents. Yokohama’s numerous museums include those dedicated to art, literature, history, and Japanese newspapers and broadcast media. There are also museums specializing in fields closely associated with the city’s development, including ones for silk and shipping. Yokohama’s numerous theatres present everything from traditional Noh and Kabuki plays to modern drama.
Local public transportation is provided by buses and subway lines. Yokohama is connected by highways and railways with Tokyo and with other major cities of Japan. The city is served by Tokyo’s Haneda airport and the international airport at Narita, across the bay in Chiba prefecture, which is accessible via the Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway from Kawasaki to Kisarazu.