Primitive monotheism
In connection with monotheism it is necessary to mention the so-called high gods—the remote gods, usually sky gods, found in many primitive and archaic cultures—because this type of divine being has given rise to the theory of primitive monotheism (Urmonotheismus). After the Scottish scholar Andrew Lang (1844–1912) had drawn attention to these gods, the Austrian scholar Wilhelm Schmidt (1868–1954) based on their existence in primitive culture and beliefs the theory that the oldest religion had been monotheistic and that polytheism as well as magic were later degenerations in the course of the history of a pure primeval religion. This theory, defended with great skill and an enormous mass of ethnological material by Schmidt and his collaborators, has long since been proved unsound and was abandoned even by his own students. The connection postulated between the high gods and monotheism has in most respects obscured rather than illuminated the situation. It is true that in many cultures the particular high god is considered as the creator, the founder of the order of the world, and also in some cultures as the reigning god according to whose will everything now happens, but such a god is rarely considered to be the one and only god that counts. Exclusive monotheism is not to be found in either primitive or archaic religions, according to present knowledge. The high god, however, can become a god of exclusive monotheism when circumstances are favourable, at least if he belongs to the active type of high god and not to the intellectual type, which serves mainly as an idea to answer the questions concerning the ultimate origin of things. This transformation probably occurred in the case of the Islamic god, Allah. It seems to be more common, however, even for the active type of high god gradually to disappear behind a host of other, often minor, deities who are more concerned with the daily affairs of human beings.
The Deism of the 17th and 18th centuries is often compared to the conception of high gods as dei otiosi, “inactive gods,” who created the world and put it into order but after their work was done retreated from the world and left it to run in accordance with the order installed at the creation. Not all high gods, however, are inactive.