Białystok, city, capital of Podlaskie województwo (province), northeastern Poland. It is located in the undulating Podlasie Plain.
Thought to have been founded by Gediminas, grand duke of Lithuania, about 1320, it was first chronicled in 1426 and received town rights in 1749. During the 18th century it prospered under the wealthy Branicki family, who erected a Baroque palace known as the Podlasie Versailles. The Branickis invited a number of renowned artists and theoreticians to Białystok, developing a creative and educational centre that became known throughout Europe. By 1863 the town was a major textile community with some 230 factories and 3,000 workers.
Białystok was a major centre of Polish Jewry. At the onset of World War II, the city had a population of 100,000, of whom about 40,000 were Jews; but in 1941–44 the Germans killed half the inhabitants, including all the Jews in the ghetto, and destroyed three-fourths of the industry and buildings. Belarusians are now the city’s principal ethnic minority.
After the war Białystok was rebuilt and became an industrial and cultural centre and a major rail junction. Textiles are the chief product. Other industry includes meat processing; electronics, furniture, and glass manufacturing; and metallurgical works. The Branicki palace, restored after it was burned down by the Germans in 1944, houses an academy of medicine; there is also a technical university, the University of Białystok, and a regional museum. Pop. (2002) 291,383.