biblical literature

Article Free Pass

Table of Contents

The Megillot (the Scrolls)

The five books known as the Megillot or Scrolls are grouped together as a unit in modern Hebrew Bibles according to the order of the annual religious festivals on which they are read in the synagogues of the Ashkenazim (central and eastern European Jews and their descendants). They did not originally form a unit and were found scattered in the Bible in their supposed historical position. In the so-called Leningrad Codex of the year 1008 ce, on which the third and subsequent editions of Biblica Hebraica edited by Rudolf Kittel are based, the five are grouped together but in a historical order. Nevertheless, their appearance usually follows the order of the liturgical calendar:

The five books have little in common apart from their roles in the liturgy. Although the Song of Solomon and Lamentations are poetic in form and Ruth and Esther are stories of heroines, the contrast in the moods and purposes of both pairs sharply distinguishes the books. Ecclesiastes is a product of the Hebrew wisdom movement and exhibits the most pessimistic tone of any book in the Hebrew Bible.

Song of Solomon

The Song of Solomon (also called Song of Songs and Canticle of Canticles) consists of a series of love poems in which lovers describe the physical beauty and excellence of their beloved and their sexual enjoyment of each other. The Hebrew title of the book mentions Solomon as its author, but this seems improbable, primarily because of the late vocabulary of the work. Although the poems may date from an earlier period, the present form of the book is late, perhaps as late as the 3rd century bce, and its author remains unknown.

The Song of Solomon has been interpreted in different ways, four of which are noteworthy. The allegorical interpretation takes the book as an allegory of God’s love for Israel or of Christ’s love for the church. Such a view seems gratuitous and incompatible with the sensuous character of the poems. The dramatic interpretation is based on the dialogue form of much of the book and attempts to find a plot involving either a maiden in Solomon’s court and the King or the maiden, the King, and a shepherd lover. The absence of drama in Semitic literatures and the episodic character of the book make this theory highly improbable. The cultic-mythological interpretation connects the book with the fertility cults of the ancient Near Eastern world. The condemnation in the Hebrew Bible of such rituals makes it difficult to accept this view, unless it is assumed that the original meaning of the poems was forgotten. The literal interpretation considers it to be a collection of secular love poems, without any religious implications, that may have been sung at wedding festivities. According to this commonly accepted view, the poems were received into the biblical canon despite their secular nature and their lack of mention of God because they were attributed to Solomon and because they were understood as wedding songs and marriage was ordained by God.

The reasons for the Song of Solomon being read at Passover, which celebrates the Exodus from Egypt, are not entirely clear. Possibly, they include the fact that spring is referred to in the book and that according to the allegorical interpretation the book could refer to God’s love for Israel, which is so well evidenced by the events of the Exodus and especially the Covenant at Mt. Sinai.

Ruth

The Book of Ruth is a beautiful short story about a number of good people, particularly the Moabite great-grandmother of David. Though events are set in the time of the judges, linguistic and other features suggest that the present form dates from post-exilic times. But it gives the impression of being based on an ancient tradition, perhaps on written source. It was certainly grounded on a solid core of fact, for no one would have invented a Moabite ancestress for Israel’s greatest king.

The book describes how, during a time of famine, Elimelech, a Bethlehemite, travelled to Moab with his wife, Naomi, and his two sons, Mahlon and Chilion. After his death, the sons married Moabite women, and then they too died, leaving no children. There was thus no one to keep the family line alive and no one to provide for Naomi. Ruth, the widow of Mahlon, dedicated herself to the care of Naomi and insisted on returning with her to her native land and adopting her God. They arrived in Bethlehem during the harvest, and Ruth went out to work for the two women in the field of Boaz, a wealthy landowner. Naomi urged Ruth to seek marriage with Boaz because he was a kinsman of her late husband, and the firstborn son of such a marriage would count as a son of the deceased. (This resembles the levirate marriage that obliged a man to marry the widow of his deceased brother if the brother died without male issue.) Ruth crept under Boaz’ cloak while he slept, and he accepted the implied proposal of marriage. After a nearer kinsman forfeited his claim to Ruth, Boaz married her and a son was born. Thus, loyal Ruth was provided with an excellent husband, the dead Mahlon with a son to keep his name alive, and Naomi with a grandson to support her in her old age.

Many purposes have been assigned to the book: to entertain, to delineate the ancestry of David, to uphold levirate marriage as a means of perpetuating a family name, to commend loyalty in family relationships, to protest the narrowness of Ezra and Nehemiah, the leaders of the post-exilic restoration in relation to marriages with non-Jews, to inculcate kindness toward converts to Judaism, to teach that a person who becomes a worshipper of Yahweh will be blessed by him, and to illustrate the providence of God in human affairs. The book may have served all these “purposes,” but the author’s objective cannot be determined with certainty.

What made you want to look up biblical literature?

Daniel in the Lions’ Den [Credit: Photograph by Beesnest McClain. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William Preston Harrison Collection, 22.6.3]"/>