The Letter of James
The Letter of James, though often criticized as having nothing specifically Christian in its content apart from its use of the phrase the “Lord Jesus Christ” and its salutation to a general audience depicted as the twelve tribes in the dispersion (the Diaspora), is actually a letter most representative of early Christian piety. It depicts the teachings of the early church not in a missionary vein but to a church living dispersed in the world knowing the essentials of the faith but needing instruction in everyday ethical and communal matters with traditional critiques on wealth and status. In matters of church discipline and the practice of healing, there is stress on prayer, anointing, and confession of sin in order that the healing of the sick may be effected. Steadfastness, even joy, in persecution is based on pure religion with strong ethical demands, as noted in chapter 1, verses 2–4 and 19–27.
A debate as to how James’ statement that “faith apart from works is dead” compares with Paul’s “justification by faith without works” in Romans has a long history. The debate, central to the history of Christianity, has usually overlooked the simple fact that Paul speaks about “works of the Law” and does so with reference to those “works” that divide Jews and Gentiles—e.g., circumcision and food laws. James, on the other hand, refers to works of mercy. Thus, the two statements are not only reconcilable but address themselves to quite distinct and different issues. Even Paul referred to mutual support of the brethren by the glorious phrase “the law of Christ” (Gal. 6:2) and this is the same as James’ “royal law” (James 2:8). The Pauline language presumably was not in James’ mind. In James, chapter 2, the example of Abraham’s faith is used to show justification by works. It is to be noted that Paul also used Abraham as the paradigm of righteousness to demonstrate justification by faith in Romans, chapter 4, again showing the difference in purpose and setting of the two epistles.
In view of the post-apostolic situation depicted, James, the son of Zebedee, who died as a martyr before ad 44, could not have been the author. From the content, neither could James, a brother of the Lord and the leader of the Jerusalem church; his martyrdom is reported as c. ad 62. Thus, James is pseudepigraphical, with the purpose of gaining apostolic authority for its needed message. The date of writing is probably at the turn of the 1st century, and its addressees are the whole church.
Of James’ 108 verses, 54 contain imperatives—an obvious proof that advice is stressed. Such admonitions are expressed in the form of general ethical wisdom sayings, Hellenistic Jewish lists of virtues and vices, and Christian as well as pagan aphorisms sometimes related to popular preaching of the Stoic Cynic style.
In chapter 5 the community is enjoined to patience, steadfastness, and good behaviour. The Old Testament prophets, who spoke in the name of the Lord, are used as examples of suffering and endurance as they awaited the Judge. Thus, reference to the Parousia of Christ may have been conflated by the Christian writer to the coming of the Lord in judgment, an interpretation with “the day of the Lord” in mind. “Behold, the Judge is standing at the doors” is accompanied by the admonition, “You also be patient. Establish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is at hand,” (chapter 5, verses 8 and 9).