Lord’s Prayer, Latin Oratio Dominica, also called Pater Noster, (Latin: “Our Father”), prayer taught by Jesus to his disciples, and the principal prayer used by all Christians in common worship. It appears in two forms in the New Testament, the shorter version in Luke 11:2–4 and the longer version, part of the Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 6:9–13. In both contexts it is offered as a model of how to pray. Many scholars believe the version in Luke to be closer to the original, the extra phrases in Matthew’s version having been added in liturgical use.
The Lord’s Prayer resembles other prayers that came out of the Jewish matrix of Jesus’ time and contains three common Jewish elements: praise, petition, and a yearning for the coming Kingdom of God. It consists of an introductory address and seven petitions. The Matthean version used by the Roman Catholic church is as follows:
Our Father who art in Heaven,
Hallowed be thy name;
Thy kingdom come;
Thy will be done
On earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread;
And forgive us our trespasses
As we forgive those who trespass against us;
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil.
The English version of the Lord’s Prayer used in many Protestant churches replaces the lines “And forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us” with:
And forgive us our debts
As we have forgiven our debtors
Protestants also add the following conclusion:
For thine is the kingdom
And the power
And the glory,
Forever.
This concluding doxology (short formula of praise) in the Protestant version was probably added early in the Christian era, since it occurs in some early manuscripts of the Gospels.
In 1977 the Church of England adopted a new version of the Lord’s Prayer, closely following a version proposed by the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET), an interdenominational commission working to bring up to date prayers and texts used in English-language churches. The new version is:
Our Father in Heaven,
Hallowed be your Name,
Your kingdom come,
Your will be done,
On earth as in Heaven.
Give us today our daily bread.
Forgive us our sins
As we forgive those
Who sin against us.
Lead us not into temptation
But deliver us from evil.
For the kingdom, the power,
And the glory are yours
Now and for ever.
Amen.
A number of other churches adopted texts based on the ICET version.
Biblical scholars disagree about Jesus’ meaning in the Lord’s Prayer. Some view it as “existential,” referring to present human experience on earth, while others interpret it as eschatological, referring to the coming Kingdom of God. The prayer lends itself to both interpretations, and further questions are posed by the existence of different translations and the problems inherent in the process of translation. In the case of the term “daily bread,” for example, the Greek word epiousion, which modifies “bread,” has no known parallels in Greek writing and may have meant “for tomorrow.” The petition “Give us this day our daily bread” may thus be given the eschatological interpretation “Give us today a foretaste of the heavenly banquet to come.” This interpretation is supported by Ethiopic versions and by St. Jerome’s reference to the reading “bread of the future” in the lost Gospel According to the Hebrews. The eschatological interpretation suggests that the Lord’s Prayer may have been used in a eucharistic setting in the early church.