Guangzhou

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History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Guangzhou's earliest recorded name is Panyu (Chinese: 番禺; Jyutping: Pun¹ Jyu⁴), derived from two nearby mountains known as Pan and Yu in ancient times.^[11] Its recorded history begins with China's conquest of the area during the Qin dynasty. Panyu expanded when it became capital of the Nanyue Kingdom in 206 BC; the territory of the Nanyue Kingdom included what is now Vietnam.

The Han dynasty annexed the Nanyue Kingdom in 111 BC during the empire's expansion southward, and Panyu became a provincial capital and remains so today. In 226 AD, Panyu became the seat of Guang Prefecture (廣州; Guangzhou / 廣府; Guangfu). While originally referring to the prefecture alone, local citizens gradually adopted the custom of using the same name for their city.^{[citation needed]}

Although Guangzhou replaced Panyu as the name of the walled city, Panyu was still the name of the surrounding area until the end of Qing dynasty.^{[citation needed]} Today, Panyu is a district of Guangzhou south of Haizhu District separated from the rest of the city by the Pearl River.

The Old Book of Tang (Chinese: 唐书) described Guangzhou as important port in the south of China.^[12] In that period, direct routes connected the Middle East and China. A Chinese prisoner, who was captured in the Battle of Talas and stayed in Iraq for twelve years, returned to China by ship on a direct route from Iraq to Guangzhou.^[13] Guangzhou was mentioned by various Muslim geographers in the ninth and tenth centuries, such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh.^[14] According to a local Guangzhou government report, the city was sacked by Mohammedans on October 30, 758 (corresponding to the day of Guisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty).^{[15][16][17][18]} The Arab historian Abu Zayd as-Sirafi mentioned Guangzhou several times in his book The Journey of as-Sirafi (Arabic: رحلة السيرافي), providing a description of daily life, food, business dealings, and the justice system of the city. As-Sirafi also reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Guangzhou and massacred a large number of foreign merchants residing there. The foreign merchants were Arab Muslims, Persians, Jews and Christians^[19][20][21]

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Guangzhou was the capital of the Southern Han state which existed from 917 to 971, and was one of the most stable of the southern states. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period.

From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhou's foreign quarter.^[22][23][24] Some scholars did not differentiate between Persian and Arab, calling them both "Da Yi" (Chinese: 大食; pinyin: Dà Yì), and some say that the Chinese called all women coming from the Persian Gulf "Persian Women".^[25]

The Muslim Moroccan Traveler Ibn Battuta visited Guangzhou in the 14th century in his journey around the World. He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city.^[26]

During the Northern Song dynasty, the celebrated poet Su Shi (Shisu) visited Guangzhou's Baozhuangyan Temple and wrote the inscription "Liu Rong" (Six Banyan Trees) because of the six banyan trees he saw there. It has since been called the Temple of the 6 Banyan Trees.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Guangzhou by sea in 1514, establishing a monopoly on the external trade out of its harbour by 1517.^[27] They were later expelled from their settlements in Guangzhou (Cantão in Portuguese), but instead were granted use of Macau as a trade base with the city in 1557. They would keep a near monopoly on foreign trade in the region until the arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century.

17th through 19th centuries[edit]

Street view of Canton (Guangzhou)

It is believed that the romanisation "Canton" originated from the Portuguese: Cantão, which was transcribed from Guangdong. Nevertheless, because at the time of the Portuguese arrival, the capital city had no specific appellation other than the provincial capital (Chinese: 省城; pinyin: shěng chéng; Jyutping: Shaang² Sheng⁴) by its people, the province name was adopted for the walled city by the Europeans. The etymology of Canton, as well as the similar pronunciation with the province name Guangdong might have partly contributed to the recent confusion of Canton and Guangdong by certain English speakers.

In Guangzhou, the national monuments known as "The Muslim's Loyal Trio" are the tombs of Ming loyalist Muslims who were martyred while fighting in battle against the Qing in Guangzhou.^[28]

After China gained control of Taiwan in 1683, the Qing government became more open to foreign trade. Guangzhou quickly emerged as one of the most suitable ports for international trade and before long ships arrived from all over the world.

The Portuguese in Macau, the Spanish in Manila, Arabs from the Middle East and Muslims from India were already actively trading in the port by the 1690s, when the French and English began frequenting the port through the Canton System.

Other companies were soon to follow: the Ostend General India company in 1717; Dutch East India Company in 1729; the first Danish ship in 1731, which was followed by a Danish Asiatic Company ship in 1734; the Swedish East India Company in 1732; followed by an occasional Prussian and Trieste Company ship; the Americans in 1784; and the first ships from Australia in 1788.

Portrait of Eshing by Spoilum

By the middle of the 18th century, Guangzhou had emerged as one of the world's great trading ports under the Thirteen Factories, which was a distinction it maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839 and the opening of other ports in China in 1842. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top 3 cities in the world.^[29] During the war, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841. The Second Battle of Canton was fought in May 1841.

Shop of Tingqua, the painter (1855)

From 1855 to 1867 there were a series of battles between the Punti and Hakka peoples known as the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (土客械鬥).

The plague epidemic – part of the Third Pandemic – reached Guangzhou in 1894, causing the death of 60,000 people in a few weeks.^[30] In 1918, the city's urban council was established and Guangzhou (Chinese: 廣州; Jyutping: Gwong² zau¹) became the official name of the city in Chinese.^{[citation needed]} Panyu became a country's name to the southern side of Guangzhou.

1930–present[edit]

Japanese troops occupied Guangzhou from 21 October 1938, to 16 September 1945, after bombing the city. The Imperial Japanese Army conducted bacteriological research in Guangzhou under Unit 8604, a section of Unit 731, where Japanese doctors experimented on human prisoners.

After the fall of the capital Nanjing in April 1949, the Nationalist government under the acting president Li Zongren relocated to Guangzhou.

Communist forces entered the city on 14 October 1949. The Nationalists to blew up the Haizhu Bridge, an important passage across the Pearl River, in order to slow the Communist advance and allow the government to flee to Chongqing. The communist government soon renamed the city's English name to "Guangzhou". A massive exodus followed as many fled to nearby Hong Kong and Macau, and the provincial capital's international status dwindled.^{[citation needed]} The urban renewal projects of the new communist government improved the lives of some residents.^{[citation needed]} New housing on the shores of the Pearl River provided homes for the poor boat people. Reforms by Deng Xiaoping, who came to power in the late 1970s, led to rapid economic growth due to the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and access to the Pearl River.

As labour costs increased in Hong Kong and China liberalized its economy, manufacturers opened new plants in Guangdong, including Guangzhou. As the largest city in one of China's wealthiest provinces, Guangzhou attracts farmers from the countryside looking for factory work. Cantonese links to overseas Chinese and beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s contributed to the city's rapid growth.

In 2000, Huadu and Panyu were merged into Guangzhou as districts, and Conghua and Zengcheng became county-level cities of Guangzhou.

• 

  The Thirteen Factories, c. 1820

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  Street view of Canton (Guangzhou in 1860s)

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  The map of Guangzhou in 1860

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  Plan of Canton (published 1910)

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  Street scene in Canton, 1919

• ">Play media

  Canton, 1937

Geography[edit]

Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

Located in the south-central portion of Guangdong, Guangzhou spans from 112° 57' to 114° 03' E longitude and 22° 26' to 23° 56' N latitude. The city is part of the Pearl River Delta and the city centre is situated next to the Baiyun Mountain, which is locally referred to as "the lung of the city" (市肺).^[6][31] The total area under the city's administration is 7,434.4 square kilometres (2,870.4 sq mi).

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city, and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak (天堂顶, meaning Peak of Paradise in Chinese), which stands 1,210 m (3,970 ft) above sea level, is the highest mountain in Guangzhou.

Climate[edit]

Located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) in January to 28.6 °C (83.5 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F),^[6] the relative humidity is approximately 68 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).^[6] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November, the city receives 1,628 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.1 °C (102 °F).^[32] The last recorded snowfall in the city was in January 1893.^{[citation needed]}

Administrative divisions[edit]

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Map
Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Zengcheng Conghua
Name	Simplified Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010 census)[2]	Area (km2)[1]	Density (/km2)[2]
Yuexiu District	越秀区	Yuèxiù Qū	1,157,277	33.80	34,239
Liwan District	荔湾区	Lìwān Qū	898,204	59.10	15,198
Haizhu District	海珠区	Hǎizhū Qū	1,558,663	90.40	17,242
Tianhe District	天河区	Tiānhé Qū	1,432,431	96.33	14,870
Baiyun District	白云区	Báiyún Qū	2,222,658	795.79	2,793
Huangpu District	黄埔区	Huángpù Qū	831,600	484.17	1,717
Panyu District	番禺区	Pānyú Qū	1,764,869	786.15	2,245
Huadu District	花都区	Huādū Qū	945,053	970.04	974
Nansha District	南沙区	Nánshā Qū	259,899	527.65	493
Zengcheng District	增城区	Zēngchéng Qū	1,036,731	1,616.47	641
Conghua District	从化区	Cónghuà Qū	593,415	1,974.50	301
Total			12,700,800	7,434.40	1,708

As of April 28, 2005, the districts of Dongshan and Fangcun have been abolished and merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively; at the same time the district of Nansha was established out of parts of Panyu, and the district of Luogang was established out of parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, and Zengcheng, plus a part of Huangpu, making an exclave next to Huangpu.

Merger with Foshan[edit]

In January 2009 the National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta Region. On March 19, 2009 the Guangzhou Municipal Government and Foshan Municipal Government both agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.^[37]

Significant buildings[edit]

Panorama of Guangzhou

Panorama of Guangzhou at night

Economy[edit]

Zhujiang New Town

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2013, the GDP reached¥ 1542 billion (US$248.billion), per capita was ¥120,515 (US $19,459).^[38]

The China Import and Export Fair, also called the "Canton Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trading. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the Fair is a major event for the city. From the 104th session onwards, the Fair moved to the new Pazhou complex, from the older Liuhua Complex. All booths have been transferred to Pazhou Complex, which is served by two stations on Metro Line 8. Also, since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in 3 phases instead of 2 phases.

Industrial zones[edit]

• Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone

The zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km² (0.53 sq mi).^[39] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include auto-mobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated near to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and Shenzhen Port.^[39]

• Guangzhou Free Trade Zone

The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and located near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is situated very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.^[40] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing industry and computer software. Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. But due to rapid industrialization, it is also considered one of the most polluted cities.

Science City[edit]

• Guangzhou Science City

Malls and pedestrian streets[edit]

Shangxiajiu

• 101 Dynamics
• Beijing Lu
• China Plaza
• Jiangnanxi
• Liwan Plaza
• Shangxiajiu
• Teem Plaza
• Victory Plaza
• Wanguo Plaza
• Zhengjia Square (Grandview Mall)
• Wanda square
• Happy Valley (Guangzhou)

Transportation[edit]

Tianhe Sports Center Station of Guangzhou BRT

Gongyuanqian Station of Guangzhou Metro

Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District

A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station

Public transport[edit]

Guangzhou Metro[edit]

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of eight lines, covering a total length of 236 km (147 mi). A long term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation.

As of July 2014 the lines of Guangzhou Metro include:

• Line 1: Guangzhou East Railway Station–Xilang Station
• Line 2: Jiahewanggang Station–Guangzhou South Railway Station
• Line 3
  • South route: Tianhe Coach Terminal Station–Panyu Square Station via Tiyu Xilu Station
  • North route: Airport South Station–Tiyu Xilu Station
• Line 4: Huangcun Station–Jinzhou Station
• Line 5: Jiaokou Station–Wenchong Station
• Line 6: Xunfenggang Station–Changban Station
• Line 8: Fenghuang Xincun Station–Wanshengwei Station
• Guangfo Line: Xilang Station–Kuiqi Lu Station
• APM: Linhexi Station–Canton Tower Station

Buses, taxis and motorcyles[edit]

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (or GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010, is the world's second largest Bus Rapid Transit system with 1,000,000 ^[41] passenger trips daily and 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour (second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota).^[42] The system averages 1 bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

In 2009, is was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.^[43] At present^[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.^{[citation needed]} It can be not fully true, because in countries like Poland, cars with LPG(especially taxis), are very popular, and by percentage some cities had higher usage of buses.^[44]

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government has banned motorcycles in urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban will be confiscated.^[45] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.^[46]

Air transport[edit]

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District opened on August 5, 2004. This airport is also the 2nd busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city centre and failed to meet the fast-growing air traffic demand.

Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has two runways, with three more planned to be built.^[47]

Railway transport[edit]

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Jingguang railway (Beijing–Guangzhou), the Guangshen railway (Guangzhou–Shenzhen), the Guangmao railway (Guangzhou–Maoming) and the Guangmeishan railway (Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou). In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway started its service, which enables multiple unit trains to cover 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In January 2011, the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Railway started its service at an average speed of 200 km/h (124 mph).

Intercity transport to Hong Kong[edit]

Guangzhou is well connected to Hong Kong by train, coach and ferry. The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom KCR station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city.

River transport[edit]

Pearl River at night

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

Local products[edit]

^{[citation needed]}

• Canton Province Sculpture is legendary and includes Guangzhou Ivory Carvings, Jade Sculpture, Wood Sculpture and Olive Sculpture.
• Cantonese Enamel includes Guangzhou Colorful Pottery. It has a history of over 300 years.
• Cantonese Embroidery (Chinese: 粤绣; pinyin: yuè xiù) is one of the Four Famous Chinese Embroideries together with Su Embroidery, Xiang Embroidery and Shu Embroidery.
• Canton Province Bacon is the general designation of cured meat in the Guangzhou and surrounding areas.
• Zhujiang Beer (Pearl River Beer)

Culture[edit]

According to the official People's Daily newspaper, Cantonese is the first language for half of the 14 million residents of the provincial capital Guangzhou, while the other half speak mainly Mandarin.^[48] Other languages such as Hakka are spoken in significant numbers as well. The migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 percent of the city's total population in 2008. Most of them are rural migrants and they speak Mandarin and other local dialects from their hometowns. They have taken on many jobs that the locals are unwilling to do.^[49]

Shangxiajiu in Liwan District

Many components of the culture in Guangzhou includes:

• Cantonese
• Cantonese cuisine
• Cantonese opera
• Cantonese people
• Guangdong music (genre)
• Guangzhou Opera House
• Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra
• Xiguan

Religions[edit]

Liang Fa (Leung Fat) worked in a printing company in Guangzhou in 1810 and came to know Robert Morrison (1782–1834, a missionary sent by the London Missionary Society in Britain and the first Christian Protestant missionary in China), who translated the Bible to Chinese and needed printing of the translation. When William Milne (1785–1822, another missionary sent by the London Missionary Society) arrived at Guangzhou in 1813 and worked with Morrison on translation of the Bible, he also came to know Liang Fa. Liang was baptized by Milne in 1816. In 1821, Liang was ordained by Morrison, thus becoming a missionary of the London Missionary Society and the first Chinese Protestant minister and evangelist.

Western Medicine was introduced to China in the 19th Century, mainly by medical missionaries sent from various Christian mission organizations, such as the London Missionary Society (Britain), the Methodist Church (Britain) and the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Benjamin Hobson (1816–1873), a medical missionary sent by the London Missionary Society in 1839, set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic (惠愛醫館) ^[50][51] in Guangzhou, China. Liang Fa, Hok Chau (周學), also known as Lai-Tong Chau (周勵堂), and others worked there. Liang Fa baptized Chau in 1852. The Methodist Church based in England sent missionary George Piercy ^[52][53][54] to China. In 1851, Piercy went to Guangzhou, where he worked in a trading company. In 1853, he started a church in Guangzhou. In 1877, Chau was ordained by the Methodist Church in Guangzhou, where he pastored for 39 years.

Due to the social custom that men and women should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927^[55]) was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church in the United States to found the first medical college for women in China. Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women (夏葛女子醫學院),^[56][57] this College was located in Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A.K. Hackett (1851–1916) of Indiana, U.S.A. The College was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year curriculum. By 1915, there were more than 60 students, mostly in residence. Most students became Christians, due to the influence of Dr. Fulton. The College was officially recognized, with its diplomas marked with the official stamp of the Guangdong provincial government. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women's social status. The David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children, also known as Yuji Hospital (柔濟醫院)^[58][59] was affiliated with this College. The graduates of this College included Chau Lee-sun (周理信, 1890-1979) and Wong Yuen-hing (黃婉卿), both of whom graduated in the late 1910s ^[60][61] and then practiced medicine in the hospitals in Guangdong province. At the end of 1932, the medical center involving the Hackett Medical College for Women and the David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children was put under the control of the Chinese government. Furthermore, it affiliated with Guangzhou Hospital and Lingnan University to form the Sun Yat-Sen Medical College in 1936.

There are many sites significant to Islamic culture in Guangzhou including the Great Mosque of Guangzhou, Huaisheng Mosque, one of the oldest mosques in the world. There are two versions of its origins. The first is that prior to 500, before the establishment of Islam, Arab seafarers had established trade relations with China, setting off from Basra at the tip of the Persian Gulf and from the town of Qays (Siraf) in the Persian Gulf. They sailed the Indian Ocean passing Sarandip (Sri Lanka) and navigated their way through the Straits of Malacca between the Sumatran and Malaysian peninsulas en route to the South China Sea. They established trading posts on the southeastern coastal ports of Quanzhou and Guangzhou. Some Arabs had already settled in China and probably embraced Islam when the first Muslim deputation arrived, as their families and friends back in Arabia had already embraced Islam during the Holy Prophet's revelation (610–32). The other version is that the mosque was built by the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad in 627. There are many restaurants influenced by Islamic culture such as Hezhou Halal Restaurant, Wuyang Humin Restaurant, and Maedah Restaurant. accordingly there's also a Muslim Hero Tomb In Guangzhou ^[62] Buddhism has remained the most influential religion in the life of Guangzhou people.^[63]

Guangzhou has a Jewish community, Guangzhou Buddhist Association, and Guangzhou Daoist Association.^[64][65] There is official pressure against underground, non-registered churches in Guangzhou.^[66]

Destinations[edit]

Eight Sights of Guangzhou[edit]

The Eight Sights of Guangzhou are the 8 most famous tourist attractions listed by rulers in different ages. The following are those chosen through public appraisal and brought out in 2011.

• Tayao Xincheng: Canton Tower, Chigang Pagoda, Haixinsha, Flower City Square, Twin Towers, CITIC Plaza and etc.
• Zhushui Liuguang: Pearl River (segment from Bai'etan to Pazhou), Wharves, Bai'etan, Shamian Island, Yanjiang Lu, Ersha Island, Haixinsha, Guangzhou Convention and Exhibition Center and etc.
• Yunshan Diecui: Baiyun Mountain, Yuntai Garden and etc.
• Yuexiu Fenghua: Yuexiu Mountain, Zhenhai Tower, Five Rams Statue, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Monument and etc.
• Guci Liufang: Chen Clan Academy and Guangdong Folk Craftwork Museum
• Liwan Shengjing: Litchi Bay, Liwan Lake, Arcades on Enning Lu, Xiguan Residences and etc.
• Kecheng Jinxiu: Guangzhou Science City
• Shidi Changwan: Nansha Wetland Park

Parks and gardens[edit]

• Baiyun Mountain, literally "White Cloud Mountain"
• Yuexiu Park (越秀公园)
• People's Park
• Luhu Park (麓湖公园)
• Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园)
• Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园)
• Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园)
• Yuntai Garden (云台花园)
• Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园)
• The Pearl River Park (珠江公园)
• South China Botanical Garden

Tourist attractions[edit]

Guangzhou has a humid, hot sub-tropical climate. The annual average temperature is 21.8 °C (71 °F). Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.^[67] There are many tourist attractions around the city which include:

• Xiguan
• Chen Clan Academy or Chan Clan Ancestral Hall
• Shamian Island or Shameen Island
• Guangdong Provincial Museum
• Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King
• Temple of the Six Banyan Trees
• Sacred Heart Cathedral or Stone House
• Huaisheng Mosque
• Temple of Bright Filial Piety
• Chime-Long Paradise
• Chime-Long WaterPark (长隆水上乐园)
• Guangzhou Peasant Movement Institute
• Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall

Temple of the Six Banyan Trees  Shishi Sacred Heart Cathedral  The Huaisheng Mosque  Western style architecture on Shamian Island  Towers in Guangzhou's CBD (left-center) with IFC/West Tower (right) and Guangzhou Opera House (front) under construction  Pearl River at night  Canton Tower,[68] June 2009  Front entrance to the Baiyun Mountain or Mount Baiyun

Media[edit]

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin (Putonghua). However, in recent years there has been an increase of Mandarin programmes in most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. On the other hand, the Beijing-based China National Radio broadcasts Mandarin programmes in the city. Radio Guangdong also produces a 30-minute weekly English programme, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the WRN Broadcast. Daily English news programmes are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the best Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city. The Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation and Yangcheng Evening News Group dominate the newspaper market of the province. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers, most notably that's PRD (formerly that's Guangzhou) which was started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into one of China's leading expat magazines with issues in Beijing, Shanghai and formerly Suzhou, but also including the more recent 'In The Red' magazine, which has been in circulation for a couple of years as of 2013.

Education[edit]

Higher educational institutes[edit]

Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science, Sun Yat-sen University

The main gate of Sun Yat-sen University

Universities and colleges

• Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
• Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
• Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University (广东技术师范学院)
• Guangdong University of Business Studies
• Guangdong University of Finance (广东金融学院)
• Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
• Guangdong University of Technology
• Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
• Guangzhou Medical College (广州医学院)
• Guangzhou Sports University
• Guangzhou University
• Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
• Jinan University (founded in 1906)
• South China Agricultural University (founded in 1909)
• South China Normal University
• South China University of Technology
• Southern Medical University (founded in 1951)
• Sun Yat-sen University (founded in 1924)
• Xinghai Conservatory of Music
• Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering

Note: Institutes without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre[edit]

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre also known as Guangzhou University Town is a large university complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. This huge higher education centre occupies the entire Xiaoguwei island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometres (7 sq mi). It houses new campuses from ten universities, nine of which still maintain their old campuses in downtown Guangzhou. The whole Higher Education Mega Centre can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers and 50,000 staff.^[69]

Higher education institutions with campuses in the Mega Centre:

• Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
• Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
• Guangdong University of Technology
• Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
• Guangzhou University
• Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
• South China Normal University
• South China University of Technology
• Sun Yat-sen University
• Xinghai Conservatory of Music

Sports[edit]

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

In 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games from November 12 to 27 and the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19, which were the largest sporting events the city ever hosted.

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

• 1987 The 6th National Games of the People's Republic of China
• 1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup
• 2001 The 9th National Games of the People's Republic of China
• 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China
• 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships
• 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

Guangzhou Evergrande F.C.[edit]

Guangzhou Evergrande F.C. is currently the most successful football team in Asia, having won three consecutive national titles in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The team is also the current Asian champion after winning the 2013 AFC Champions League. The club competed in the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 at the semi-final stage to 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winner FC Bayern Munich.^[70]

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters[edit]

On September 28, 2014, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters will hold a street race in Guangzhou, marking the return of the series to China after the 2010 season finale at the Shanghai Street Circuit.^[71]

Household registration policy[edit]

China's system of household registration, also known as a "hukou," restricts the ability of Chinese citizens to freely choose their place of residence and determines eligibility for education and other public benefits. In May 2014, the municipal agencies in Guangzhou responsible for population control, human resources, social security, and civil affairs issued a notice to local state-run employment agencies and family planning centers. The notice stead that those legally employed in Guangzhou should be issued should be issued an individual "hukou cards" that allows them to marry and obtain permission to have children instead of requiring them to return to their official place of residence. These rules apply to workers in all occupations. Reports in the Chinese media said about 100,000 were affected by these changes. ^[72]

See also[edit]

	People's Republic of China portal
	China portal

• Africans in Guangzhou
• Canton, for namesakes
• Fernão Pires de Andrade
• Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy
• Rafael Perestrello
• Seamen's strike of 1922
• 2013 Southern Weekly incident
• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• World's largest cities

References[edit]

•  This article incorporates text from On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies: and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books, by E. Bretschneider, a publication from 1871 now in the public domain in the United States.

Further reading[edit]

• Foster, Simon; Lin-Liu, Jen; Pham, Sherisse; Beth Reiber, Sharon Owyang, Lee Wing-sze, Christopher D. Winnan (2010-02-12). Frommer's China. United States: 2000–2010 by Frommer's/Wiley Publishing, Inc. pp. 542–. ISBN 978-0-470-52658-3. Retrieved 2010-03-21.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• Johnson, Graham E. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Guangzhou (Canton) and Guangdong. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3516-0. 
• Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1936). Modern Canton. Shanghai: The Mercury Press. 
• Ng, Yong Sang (1936). Canton, City of the Rams: A General Description and a Brief Historical Survey. Canton: M.S. Cheung. ASIN B0008D1HHO. 
• Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Volume 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places (illustrated, annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1884964044. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 
• Shaw, Samuel; Josiah Quincy (1847). The journals of Major Samuel Shaw : the first American consul at Canton : with a life of the author. Boston: Wm. Crosby and H.P. Nichols. Retrieved 2008-04-05.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• Vogel, Ezra F. (1969). Canton Under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital, 1949–1968. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-09475-8. 
• Mrs. John Henry Gray (1880). Fourteen months in Canton. London : Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street and Charing Cross: Macmillan and co. p. 444. Retrieved March 21, 2012. London : Macmillan and Co., 1880. [The Right of Translation is reserved.] Original from Harvard University Digitized Oct 14, 2008
• John Henry Gray (1875). Walks in the city of Canton. De Souza & Co. p. 695. Retrieved March 21, 2012. Victoria, Hong Kong : De Souza & Co. 1875. Original from the New York Public Library Digitized Apr 2, 2008

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou.

• Guangzhou International: Official website of government of Guangzhou municipality
• Guangzhou, China Network
• Guangzhou Network
• Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Tourism
• Photos of Old Canton (20th century) and also of the Sino-Japanese War from a Presbyterian mission near Canton

	Qingyuan	Qingyuan	Zhaoqing
	Foshan		Huizhou
		Guangzhou
	Foshan	Zhongshan	Dongguan

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Shenzhen* Zhuhai1 Shantou1 Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang2 Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning* Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai2 Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan1 Haikou* Sanya Sansha4 Sichuan Chengdu* Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Jiangyou Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang* Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming* Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa* Xigazê Shaanxi Xi'an* Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou* Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining* Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan* Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi* Karamay Taiwan5 Taibei* Gaoxiong Other cities (partly shown below) Prefecture-level capitals (County-level) (Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot Xilinhot) Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang Enshi, Hubei Jishou, Hunan Xichang, Sichuan (Guizhou: Xingyi Kaili Duyun) (Yunnan: Chuxiong Gejiu Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mang) (Gansu: Linxia Hezuo) (Qinghai: Yushu Delingha) (Xinjiang: Turpan Hami Changji Bole Korla Aksu Artux Kashgar1 Hotan Yining Tacheng Altay) Province-governed cities (Sub-prefecture-level) (Hebei: Xinji Dingzhou) Jiyuan, Henan (Hubei: Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen) (Hainan1: Wuzhishan Qionghai Danzhou Wenchang Wanning Dongfang) (Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun, Xinjiang Tiemenguan Shuanghe) (Taiwan5: Jilong Taizhong Tainan Xinzhu Jiayi Taibei county) Former Prefecture-level cities Chaohu, Anhui Wanzhou, Chongqing Fuling, Chongqing Sub-prefecture-level cities (Prefecture-governed) Qian'an, Hebei Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia Erenhot, Inner Mongolia Golmud, Qinghai Notes * Indicates this city have already occured above. aDirect-controlled Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special Economic Zone Cities. 2Coastal development cities. 3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. 4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. 5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead. All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province. v t e Pearl River Delta Region Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Guangdong Province Guangzhou Panyu Huadu Nansha Zengcheng Conghua Shenzhen Bao'an Zhuhai Hengqin Dongguan Zhongshan Foshan Jiangmen Enping Taishan Kaiping Heshan Huizhou Zhaoqing Sihui Gaoyao Special administrative regions  Hong Kong Kowloon  Macau Cotai v t e Guangdong topics Guangzhou (capital) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Chaoshan metropolitan area Pearl River mega-city Leizhou Peninsula Regions Pearl River Delta Yuexi Yuebei Yuedong East River West River Nanling Mountains Pratas Islands Education Guangzhou Education Shenzhen Education Shenzhen University Huizhou University Guangdong Institute of Education Guangzhou University Culture Lingnan culture Music Guangdong music (genre) Cantonese opera Teochew people Hakka people Hailufeng dialect Cuisine Cantonese cuisine White boiled shrimp Cantonese fried rice Chinese steamed eggs Beef chow fun Chow mein Char siu Roasted suckling pig Bird's nest soup Seafood birdsnest Visitor attractions Danxia Mountain Seven Star Crags Dinghu Mountain Xinfengjiang Reservoir Zhongshan Park Guangdong Provincial Museum Category     Commons   Cities of China and the World v t e Most populous cities in China Shanghai Beijing Tianjin Guangzhou Shenzhen Wuhan Dongguan Chengdu Chongqing Nanjing Hong Kong Xi'an Hangzhou Shenyang Suzhou Qingdao Harbin Zhengzhou Jinan Dalian Kunming Wuxi Xiamen Changchun Ningbo v t e Provincial capitals of the People's Republic of China Changchun (Jilin) Changsha (Hunan) Chengdu (Sichuan) Fuzhou (Fujian) Guangzhou (Guangdong) Guiyang (Guizhou) Haikou (Hainan) Hangzhou (Zhejiang) Harbin (Heilongjiang) Hefei (Anhui) Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) Jinan (Shandong) Kunming (Yunnan) Lanzhou (Gansu) Lhasa (Tibet) Nanchang (Jiangxi) Nanjing (Jiangsu) Nanning (Guangxi) Shenyang (Liaoning) Shijiazhuang (Hebei) Taiyuan (Shanxi) Ürümqi (Xinjiang) Wuhan (Hubei) Xi'an (Shaanxi) Xining (Qinghai) Yinchuan (Ningxia) Zhengzhou (Henan) v t e World's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo–Yokohama(Keihin) Jakarta(Jabodetabek) Seoul–Incheon(Sudogwon) Delhi Shanghai Manila(Metro Manila) Karachi New York City São Paulo Mexico City(Valley of Mexico) Beijing Guangzhou–Foshan(Guangfo) Mumbai Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto(Keihanshin) Moscow Greater Cairo Los Angeles Kolkata Bangkok Dhaka Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Shenzhen Lagos Rio de Janeiro Paris Nagoya(Chūkyō) Greater London Lima Kinshasa Tianjin Chennai Chicago Bangaluru Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Dongguan Chengdu Taipei-Keelung(Greater Taipei) Hyderabad Lahore Johannesburg–East Rand Wuhan Rhine-Ruhr(metropolitan region) Hong Kong Ahmedabad Chongqing Kuala Lumpur(Klang Valley) Hangzhou v t e Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951: New Deli 1954: Manila 1958: Tokyo 1962: Jakarta 1966: Bangkok 1970: Bangkok 1974: Tehran 1978: Bangkok 1982: New Deli 1986: Seoul 1990: Beijing 1994: Hiroshima 1998: Bangkok 2002: Busan 2006: Doha 2010: Guangzhou 2014: Incheon 2019: Hanoi Winter 1986: Sapporo 1990: Sapporo 1996: Harbin 1999: Kangwon 2003: Aomori 2007: Changchun 2011: Astana - Almaty 2017: Sapporo v t e Dutch Empire   Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (1602–1798) Governorate General Batavia Governorates Ambon Banda Islands Cape Colony Celebes Ceylon Coromandel Formosa Malacca Moluccas Northeast coast of Java Directorates Bengal Persia Suratte Commandments Bantam Malabar West coast of Sumatra Residencies Banjarmasin Cheribon Palembang Pontianak Opperhoofd settlements Burma Canton Dejima Mauritius Siam Timor Tonkin   Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company (1621–1792) Colonies in the Americas Berbice 1 Brazil Cayenne Curaçao and Dependencies Demerara Essequibo New Netherland Pomeroon Sint Eustatius and Dependencies Surinam 2 Tobago Virgin Islands Trading posts in Africa Arguin Gold Coast Loango-Angola Senegambia Slave Coast 1 Governed by the Society of Berbice 2 Governed by the Society of Suriname   Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie (1614–1642) Settlements Jan Mayen Smeerenburg   Colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1962) Until 1825 Bengal Coromandel Malacca Suratte Until 1853 Dejima Until 1872 Gold Coast Until 1945 Dutch East Indies Until 1954 Curaçao and Dependencies 3 Surinam 3 Until 1962 New Guinea 3 Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; 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