Architecture
The conservation and restoration of older architecture is an increasing modern preoccupation. The earliest buildings to have survived generally tend to be those that received religious veneration. When these structures were no longer venerated, they disappeared like other buildings. It was not until the early 19th century that the Forum of ancient Rome was uncovered and explored.
Medieval builders treated the work of their forebears with a healthy lack of awe. Every new Gothic chapel or chantry and virtually every stage in the development of a single Gothic cathedral followed the style of its own day. With the Renaissance in Europe grew a new respect for classical antiquity and a new interest in its architectural forms. By the end of the 18th century a knowledge of archaeology had become an accepted accomplishment of the educated man. Architectural design itself became a matter of “correctness.” Old buildings everywhere began to be “restored” to the style of periods especially favoured. The French architect and writer E.-E. Viollet-le-Duc brilliantly restored the Sainte-Chapelle (1840–67) and the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris (1845–64). The ancient walls of Carcassonne in France and of Windsor Castle in England were not only repaired but also largely rebuilt.
With the spread of the Industrial Revolution and the increasing reliance on mechanical processes, the labour of hands became more costly, and the value of craftsmanship gained a new significance. Old buildings, which often exhibited the personal touches of master craftsmen, began to command a new respect, and the English art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) was even able to assert that “the greatest glory of a building is its age.” In 1877 the pioneers of the conservation movement, led by the English artist and writer William Morris (1834–96), founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB). Nicknamed Anti-Scrape, the society vehemently opposed the indiscriminate refacing of old stonework and the “conjectural restorations” still so fashionable, such as the new west front of St. Albans Cathedral in England (1880–83). The movement gathered force, and in the 20th century groups throughout the world devoted their efforts to architectural conservation.
An added local impetus has been given by national pride; in countries such as Poland, postwar reconstruction became the symbol of national resurgence. Almost every country is increasingly conscious of its heritage of ancient buildings, while cultural bodies such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have lent to the conservation movement a powerful international impetus.