independent Polish state created by Napoleon. It became a focal point of efforts to restore the Polish nation, which had been destroyed by the Partitions of Poland made by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795....

(May 14, 1955–July 1, 1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania wi...

...agenda after 1870. Blaming romantic idealism for the catastrophic uprising, people rejected political activities and extolled the value of “organic work,” progress, and modernization. Warsaw Positivism, deriving its name and inspiration from the thought of Auguste Comte, provided the rationale for these views....

Polish logician and mathematician who was a co-founder and leading representative of the Warsaw school of logic....

Petlyura’s negotiations with the Polish government of Józef Piłsudski culminated in the Treaty of Warsaw, signed in April 1920; by the terms of the agreement, in return for Polish military aid, Petlyura surrendered Ukraine’s claim to Galicia and western Volhynia. A Polish-Ukrainian campaign opened two days later, and on May 6 the joint forces occupied Kiev. A counteroff...

(May 14, 1955–July 1, 1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania wi...

(May 14, 1955–July 1, 1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania withdrew in 1968, and East Germany did so in 1990.) The treaty (which was renewed on April 26, 1985) provided for a unified military command and for the.....

(August-October 1944), insurrection in Warsaw during World War II by which Poles unsuccessfully tried to oust the German army and seize control of the city before it was occupied by the advancing Soviet army. The uprising’s failure allowed the pro-Soviet Polish administration, rather than the Polish government-in-exile in London, to gain control of Poland....

city, capital of Poland. Located in the east-central part of the country, Warsaw is also the capital of Mazowieckie województwo (province)....

American mystery writer known for her popular series of novels featuring V.I. Warshawski, a female private investigator. Her books are set in and around Chicago....

American Israeli chemist who was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for developing accurate computer models of chemical reactions that were able to use features of both classical physics and quantum mechanics. He shared the prize with American Austrian chemist Martin Karplus and American British ...

The basic functions of the warship and cargo ship determined their design. Because fighting ships required speed, adequate space for substantial numbers of fighting men, and the ability to maneuver at any time in any direction, long, narrow rowed ships became the standard for naval warfare. In contrast, because trading ships sought to carry as much tonnage of goods as possible with as small a......

city, capital of Poland. Located in the east-central part of the country, Warsaw is also the capital of Mazowieckie województwo (province)....

independent Polish state created by Napoleon. It became a focal point of efforts to restore the Polish nation, which had been destroyed by the Partitions of Poland made by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795....

independent Polish state created by Napoleon. It became a focal point of efforts to restore the Polish nation, which had been destroyed by the Partitions of Poland made by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795....

a well-defined growth of varying shape and size on the skin surface, caused by a virus. Essentially an infectious, benign skin tumour, a wart is composed of an abnormal proliferation of cells of the epidermis; the overproduction of these cells is caused by the viral infection. The most common type of wart is a round, raised lesion having a dry and rough surfac...

The third suborder of sessile barnacles, the Verrucomorpha, or wart barnacles, differs from the first two suborders in having the plates of the wall and operculum asymmetrically arranged. With the exception of a primitive genus, Neoverruca, found to be associated with abyssal hydrothermal springs at 3,600 metres in the western Pacific, the simple, asymmetrical shell wall and operculum of......

(genus Acrochordus), any of three species of fish-eating aquatic snakes occurring from southern Asia to northern Australia, constituting the family Acrochordidae, which is sometimes considered a subfamily of the Colubridae. Wart snakes have thick bodies, loose skins, tiny pyramidal scales that extend across the belly, and valves that close the nostrils when under water....

river in west-central Poland, flowing 502 miles (808 km) north and west from its source near Zawiercie in the Silesian-Kraków uplands to its confluence with the Oder River at Kostrzyn in the western part of Lubuskie province....

castle, renowned in German history and legend, standing on a steep hill overlooking the town of Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany. The hill was fortified as early as 1080. The landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia (died 1217) rebuilt the castle and made it the seat of a lively court frequented by vagrant poets and musicians, including Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolf...

...may have desired good government, but his reputation as an oppressor gained considerable credence after 1815. Protests against conservative policies by a gathering of German students (at the Wartburg Festival) in 1817 and the assassination of a conservative playwright (August von Kotzebue) in 1819 led, under Metternich’s guidance, to the German Confederation’s adopting the Carlsba...

...of the German king Henry I the Fowler (876?–936), and its author elaborated the realistic elements of the story at the expense of much romantic material. A contemporary poem known as the Wartburgkrieg presented the story of Lohengrin as an entry in a story-telling competition; it was the contribution of von Eschenbach, who recited it in the famous singers’ contest held at.....

It is probable that the Saale episode of glaciation was complex: at least three phases are recognized. These are the Drente, Treene, and Warthe substages. The Drente and Warthe represent periods of glacial advance, or maxima, whereas the Treene represents an interstadial period of glacial retreat between the early Drente and the late Warthe. In the region of central Europe, the Saale is......

member of the pig family, Suidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open and lightly forested areas of Africa. The warthog is a sparsely haired, large-headed, blackish or brown animal standing about 76 centimetres (30 inches) at the shoulder. It has a coarse mane extending from the neck to the middle of the back, and it has a long, thin, tufted tail that it carries high while it is running. The male h...

highly contagious and usually fatal viral disease of swine that is characterized by high fever, lesions, leukopenia (abnormally low count of white blood cells), elevated pulse and respiration rate, and death within four to seven days after the onset of fever....

...a Belgian pro-Nazi newspaper, was revealed in the late 1980s. His writings for the newspaper, including one overtly anti-Semitic essay, were collected and published under the title Wartime Journalism, 1939–1943 (1988)....

...States, two commonly recognized rules of engagement are standing ROE (SROE), which refer to situations in which the U.S. is not actually at war and thus seeks to constrain military action, and wartime ROE (WROE), which do not limit military responses to offensive actions....

English critic and classical scholar who anticipated some of the critical tenets of Romanticism. His brother Thomas was poet laureate from 1785 to 1790....

poet laureate from 1785 and author of the first history of English poetry, brother of the poet and critic Joseph Warton, and son of Thomas Warton the Elder (1688?–1745), professor of poetry at Oxford University (1718–26)....

any of several distinct flowering plants of similar appearance, mostly members of the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) is native to deciduous woods of Europe and Asia and is grown as a garden wildflower. Once a valued plant of the Old World herbalist for its reputed power to remove warts, it was formerly known as wartweed. Its orange-coloured sap......

Guyanese author noted for the broad vision and abstract complexity of his novels....

town (parish), Warwick district, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. It is best known for its historic castle....

...at 19 for allegedly writing a satire against his protectors at college, La Harpe became a bitter and caustic man. Of many uninspired plays he wrote, the best are perhaps his first tragedy, Warwick (1763), and Mélanie (1778), a pathetic drama never performed. He wrote criticism for and was editor of the Mercure de France, becoming respected, though often......

city, Kent county, east-central Rhode Island, U.S., lying on the western shore of Narragansett Bay. It is basically a southern residential suburb of Providence comprising a group of about 20 scattered villages united administratively....

city, southeastern Queensland, Australia, on the Condamine River, in the southern Darling Downs. It became associated with sheep breeding in 1840 when Patrick Leslie, the area’s first settler, who later played a prominent role in the movement for separating Queensland from New South Wales, moved his flock from New South Wales. Dairying and wheat farming are now the main e...

district in the central part of the administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. It lies on the southern fringe of West Midlands metropolitan county, just south of the industrial city of Coventry. Its southern boundary adjoins the rural district of Stratford-on-Avon. Leamington Sp...

town (parish), Warwick district, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. It is best known for its historic castle....

American pop and rhythm and blues (R&B) singer whose soulful sound earned her widespread appeal. She is perhaps best known for her collaborations with such high-profile artists as Burt Bacharach and Barry Manilow....

English politician and soldier who was virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability....

soldier and diplomatist, a knightly hero who served the English kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI....

English nobleman called, since the 16th century, “the Kingmaker,” in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist king Edward IV in 1461 and later restored to power (1470–71) the deposed Lancastrian monarch Henry ...

English nobleman called, since the 16th century, “the Kingmaker,” in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist king Edward IV in 1461 and later restored to power (1470–71) the deposed Lancastrian monarch Henry ...

English colonial administrator and advocate of religious toleration in the North American Colonies. As admiral of the fleet in 1642, he secured the adherence of the navy to the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil Wars (1642–51)....

English colonial administrator and advocate of religious toleration in the North American Colonies. As admiral of the fleet in 1642, he secured the adherence of the navy to the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil Wars (1642–51)....

one of the leaders in the resistance to England’s king Richard II....

American pop and rhythm and blues (R&B) singer whose soulful sound earned her widespread appeal. She is perhaps best known for her collaborations with such high-profile artists as Burt Bacharach and Barry Manilow....

administrative and historic county of central England, in the Midlands region. As an administrative and geographic unit, the county dates from the 10th century, with the historic county town (seat) of Warwick lying roughly at its centre....

river, eastern tributary of the River Severn that rises near Naseby in central England and flows generally southwestward for 96 miles (154 km) through the counties of Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The river shares the name Avon (derived from a Celtic word meaning ...

...to decline after 1874, Arch began to turn his attention to politics and in 1885 served the first of several terms as a member of Parliament (1885–86, 1892–1900). He also served on the Warwickshire County Council from 1889 to 1892. His political skills were put to use on behalf of farm workers, for Arch is credited with having played an instrumental part in obtaining the vote for.....

The first story, “Was,” is considered a comic masterpiece. It opens with a raucous fox chase that suggests the theme and action of the story. Buck and Buddy, twin sons of Carothers McCaslin, chase their slave and half-brother, Turl; Turl chases his girlfriend Tennie, slave of Hubert and his sister Sibbey Beauchamp; and Sibbey, the only white woman in the countryside, pursues Buck. A....

...is established in a key scene that metaphorically brings together violence past and present. One year earlier, Christa Wolf’s narrative Was bleibt (1990; What Remains) had unleashed a violent controversy about the form and function of reflections on the East German past. The subject of the story was Wolf’s reactions to surveillance...

...Albin Indergand (1901), Herrgottsfäden (1901; Golden Threads), Frau Sixta (1926), and Die grosse Lehre (1943; “The Large Lesson”). Zahn’s Was das Leben zerbricht (1912; “What Life Breaks”) is about the middle-class society of Zürich....

...and Nothingness), an essay on phenomenological ontology, it is obvious that Sartre borrowed from Heidegger. Some passages from Heidegger’s Was ist Metaphysik? (1929; What Is Metaphysics?), in fact, are copied literally. The meaning of nothingness, which Heidegger in this lecture made the theme of his investigations, became for Sartre the guiding que...

architect, the central figure of the group of Spanish architects who developed the Isabelline style, a combination of medieval structure, Mudéjar (Spanish Muslim) ornament, and Italian spatial design. Considered the finest architect of late 15th-century Spain, he originated designs for churches and residences that set the pattern for generations of later Spanish architect...

...February 1713 he took part in a court celebration there that included a performance of his first secular cantata, Was mir behagt, also called the Hunt Cantata (BWV 208)....

Throughout the Dynastic period faience was regularly used for simple beads, amulets, and other components of jewelry. Quite exceptional is the extraordinary was-sceptre (a symbol of divine power) found at Tūkh, near Naqādah. It is dated to the reign of Amenhotep II and originally measured about six and a half feet (two metres) in length....

...pro-Leibnizian nonsymbolic logic that was later widely studied. First Dedekind, then Cantor used Bolzano’s tool of measuring sets by one-to-one mappings; using this technique, Dedekind gave in Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (1888; “What Are and Should Be the Numbers?”) a precise definition of an infinite set. A set is infinite if and only if the whole set can be...

...nth degree. Equations for their solution were published in 1674 by Seki Takakazu, now considered to be the founder of the Japanese tradition of mathematics, or wasan. Seki founded what became the most important school of mathematics in Japan. (At this time, mathematics was widely practiced in Japan as a leisure activity.) As in other schools,......

...and Range into a series of north-south-trending fault-block mountains and downdropped basins, which filled with thousands of metres of upper Cenozoic sediment. These fault zones (particularly the Wasatch Fault in central Utah and the San Andreas zone in California) remain active today and are the source of most of the damaging earthquakes in North America. The Andean mountains were uplifted......

The Wasatch Front (often shortened to “the Front”), extending some 105 miles (170 km) north-south from Brigham City to Provo and including Salt Lake City, is the main area of urban and industrial development; more than three-fourths of the state’s total population lives there. Salt Lake City is the political, cultural, and religious capital of Utah. Historically a trade centre...

segment of the south-central Rocky Mountains, extending southward for about 250 miles (400 km), from the bend of the Bear River in southeastern Idaho, U.S., to beyond Mount Nebo, near Nephi in north-central Utah. It lies east of Great Salt Lake and Salt Lake City and includes the Bear River Range at the northern end. South and east of Salt Lake City are many peaks that surpass 11,000 feet (3,400 ...

popular recreational region of forests and streams in the Stansbury, Monte Cristo, Bear River, Wasatch, and Uinta mountain ranges of northern Utah and southwestern Wyoming, U.S. It adjoins Ashley and Uinta national forests in Utah and Caribou National Forest in Idaho and lies primarily east of the Great Salt Lake...

The focus of Regina is Wascana Centre, a parklike development around Wascana Lake (an artificial widening of Wascana Creek) that includes some of the most important civic buildings, including the domed Legislative Building, the Museum of Natural History, the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery, the Diefenbaker Homestead (home of Canadian prime minister John Diefenbaker, which was moved from Borden in......

The focus of Regina is Wascana Centre, a parklike development around Wascana Lake (an artificial widening of Wascana Creek) that includes some of the most important civic buildings, including the domed Legislative Building, the Museum of Natural History, the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery, the Diefenbaker Homestead (home of Canadian prime minister John Diefenbaker, which was moved from Borden in......

one of the famed cities of antiquity, the capital of the ancient Egyptian empire at its heyday. Thebes lay on either side of the Nile River at approximately 26° N latitude. The modern town of Luxor, or Al-Uqṣur, which occupies part of the site, is 419 miles (675 km) south of Cairo. Ancient Thebes covered an a...

town, Plateau state, east-central Nigeria, near the Wase River and at the intersection of roads from Bashar, Langtang, and Shendam. It was founded about 1820 by Hassan, a Fulani official from Bauchi, 85 miles (137 km) north, in an area traditionally inhabited by the Basherawa people and at that time ruled by the Jukun. It became the headquarters of a chiefdom, which was enlarged...

coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1882 in Tokyo. The school is private but receives some government financing and is subject to some degree of government control. Originally known as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), the institution was renamed Waseda University in 1902 and was reorganized after World War II. Waseda has gained distinction in the fields of literature, political sc...

...Kabuki theatre. Where research into the art of acting has been a major interest of directors, there have been surprising convergences from very different traditions, so that when Suzuki Tadashi’s Waseda company from Tokyo arrived in Europe in 1972, it found itself being compared in its intense physicality to Jerzy Grotowski’s Polish Laboratory Theatre from Wrocław in Poland...

coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1882 in Tokyo. The school is private but receives some government financing and is subject to some degree of government control. Originally known as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), the institution was renamed Waseda University in 1902 and was reorganized after World War II. Waseda has gained distinction in the fields of literature, political sc...

burgomaster (mayor) of Zürich and one of the most prominent Swiss political figures of the mid-17th century....

...at an early stage another category that was quite different in focus and yet reflected a very vigorous aspect of the Arabic poetic tradition from the outset: description (waṣf). Analysts of the earliest poetry chose to devote particular attention to the ways in which poets depicted animals and other aspects of nature and often indulged in complex......

a dry channel lying in a semiarid or desert area and subject to flash flooding during seasonal or irregular rainstorms. Such transitory streams, rivers, or creeks are noted for their gullying effects and especially for their rapid rates of erosion, transportation, and deposition. There have been reports of up to 8 feet (2 m) of deposition in 60 years and like amounts of erosion during a single flo...

artwork in which a fine layer of colour—usually diluted ink, bistre, or watercolour—is spread with a brush over a broad surface evenly enough so that no brush marks are visible in the finished product. Usually the technique is used in conjunction with lines made by a pen or pencil that define and outline, while the wash provides colour, depth, and volume. The free...

Colourfastness tests are published by the International Organization for Standardization. For identification purposes, the results of systematic reaction sequences and solubility properties permit determination of the class of dye, which, in many cases, may be all that is required. With modern instrumentation, however, a variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods can be utilized to......

shallow bay of the North Sea, 15 mi (24 km) long and 12 mi wide, between the counties of Lincolnshire and Norfolk, England. It once extended as far inland as Peterborough and Cambridge but was largely filled in by silt, brought chiefly by rivers but partly washed in by coastal currents. Land was reclaimed by artificial drainage at several points, and seawalls were built to protect the low coastal ...

...the risk of a nuclear power plant accident with other events such as natural disasters and human-caused events. This work resulted in the publication in 1975 of a report titled Reactor Safety Study, also known as WASH-1400. The most useful aspect of the study was its delineation of components and accident sequences (scenarios) that were determined to be the most......

Shoshone chief who performed extraordinary acts of friendship for white settlers while exhibiting tremendous prowess as a warrior against his people’s tribal enemies....

English cricketer who was a formidable opening batsman for Lancashire (1933–64, captain 1954–59) and England (1936–56) and who, despite having lost some of his best years to military service during World War II, amassed 34,101 first-class runs (average 42.67) and 76 centuries, including 2,569 runs (average 42.81) and six centuries in 37 Test matches. His opening partnership of...

...Down Your Heart (2008) and its companion album Throw Down Your Heart: Tales from the Acoustic Planet, Vol. 3 (2009). He joined clawhammer banjo player Abigail Washburn on Abigail Washburn and the Sparrow Quartet (2008), a bold experiment that fused American roots music and traditional Chinese folk songs. Fleck and......

June 7, 1910 Cambridge, Mass.Jan. 10, 2007 Lexington, Mass.American mountaineer, photographer, cartographer, and museum director who mapped the Grand Canyon during the 1970s and made Boston’s Museum of Science a leading institution of its type. A pioneer of aerial photography, Washb...

American psychologist whose work at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie made it a leading institution in undergraduate psychological research and education....

American educator noted for his innovations in school programs known as the Winnetka Plan....

American educator noted for his innovations in school programs known as the Winnetka Plan....

...him colonel of an unruly regiment (later named the 21st Illinois Volunteers) in June 1861. Before he had even engaged the enemy, Grant was appointed brigadier general through the influence of Elihu B. Washburne, a U.S. congressman from Galena. On learning this news and recalling his son’s previous failures, his father said, “Be careful, Ulyss, you are a general now—it...

American cheddar is processed most frequently. However, other cheeses such as washed-curd, Colby, Swiss, Gruyère, and Limburger are similarly processed. In a slight variation, cold pack or club cheese is made by grinding and mixing together one or more varieties of cheese without heat. This cheese food may contain added flavours or ingredients....

machine component that is used in conjunction with a screw fastener such as a bolt and nut and that usually serves either to keep the screw from loosening or to distribute the load from the nut or bolt head over a larger area. For load distribution, thin flat rings of soft steel are usual....

from the beginning of the 19th century until well into the 20th, an essential piece of bedroom furniture. The washstand consisted of a wooden structure of varying shape and complexity intended to accommodate a large basin, a pitcher, a toothbrush jar, and various other toilet accessories, frequently including one or more chamber pots housed in cupboards at the base of the structure. The top and th...

The processing of fruit juice involves washing, extraction, clarification, and preservation....

...and was named for John Newton, a soldier of the American Revolution. The railroad arrived in the 1860s and the community developed as a lumber-milling and agricultural trading centre. In 1898 the washing machine industry began there with the manufacture of ratchet-slat washers. Newton was where Frederick L. Maytag invented a “hand power” washing machine (1907) and his motor-driven...

any of various surfactants (surface-active agents) particularly effective in dislodging foreign matter from soiled surfaces and retaining it in suspension. The term usually denotes a synthetic substance that is not prepared by saponifying fats and oils (as is soap)....

sodium carbonate decahydrate, efflorescent crystals used for washing, especially textiles. It is a compound of sodium....

city, seat (1830) of McDonough county, western Illinois, U.S. It lies along the East Fork La Moine River, about 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Peoria. Settled in 1829 by John Baker, a Baptist minister, and originally called Washington, it was renamed the following year for General Alexander Macomb, an officer in the War of 1812. The city is ...

city, seat of Beaufort county, eastern North Carolina, U.S., along the Pamlico-Tar estuary just east of Greenville. Founded by Colonel James Bonner in 1771 and originally known as Forks of Tar River, it was one of the first places in the United States to be named (December 7, 1776) for George Washington. During the American Civil Wa...

county, southwestern Rhode Island, U.S. It is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Narragansett Bay to the east, and Block Island Sound to the south and includes Block Island south of the mainland. The Pawcatuck River flows through the western portion of the county and defines the southwestern border with Connecticut....

county, eastern New York state, U.S. It is bordered by Lake George to the northwest, Vermont to the northeast and east (Lake Champlain and the Poultney River constituting the northeastern boundary), and the Hudson River to the west. The lowlands of the Hudson valley and central area rise to the Taconic Range...

...the first steamboat to ascend the Mississippi and Ohio to Louisville, Ky. Shreve, however, saw the need for an entirely new design for river steamers and had built to his specifications the Washington, with a flat, shallow hull, a high-pressure steam engine on the main deck instead of in the hold, and a second deck. His round trip in the Washington in 1816 from Pittsburgh to......

town in Sunderland metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Durham, northeastern England. It lies along the north side of the River Wear below Chester-le-Street....

county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by West Virginia to the west, Enlow Fork and Tenmile Creek to the south, and the Monongahela River to the east. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau....

county, eastern Maine, U.S., bordered to the east by New Brunswick, Canada (the Chiputneticook Lakes, the St. Croix River, and Passamaquoddy Bay constituting the boundary), and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a hill-and-valley region and includes several islands in the Atlantic. Other waterways are West Grand, Big, Meddybemps, and Baskahegan...

city, Miami county, western Ohio, U.S., on the Great Miami River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Dayton. The original Shawnee village of Piqua (the name, from a term meaning “man who arose from the ashes,” comes from a local Shawnee clan’s creation story), near present-day Springfield, was destroyed by George Rogers Clark and his Kentucky volun...