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ecumenism
Article Free Passecumenism, the movement or tendency toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation. The term, of recent origin, emphasizes what is viewed as the universality of the Christian churches.
A brief treatment of ecumenism follows. For full treatment, see Christianity: Ecumenism.
The word ecumenism is derived from the Greek words oikoumenē (“the inhabited world”) and oikos (“house”) and can be traced from the commands, promises, and prayers of Jesus. After the International Missionary Conference held at Edinburgh in 1910, Protestants began to use the term ecumenism to describe the gathering of missionary, evangelistic, service, and unitive forces. During and after the second Vatican Council (1962–65), Roman Catholics used ecumenism to refer to the renewal of the whole life of the church, undertaken to make it more responsive to “separated churches” and to the needs of the world.
The ecumenical movement seeks to recover the apostolic sense of the early church for unity in diversity, and it confronts the frustrations, difficulties, and ironies of the modern pluralistic world. It is a lively reassessment of the historical sources and destiny of what followers perceive to be the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church of Jesus Christ.
The possibility of an ecumenical approach, in the modern sense, to Christianity increased, somewhat ironically, in the 17th and 18th centuries, when English dissenting sects and Pietist groups on the Continent began to promote evangelistic, revivalistic, and missionary endeavour. This, along with the simultaneous effect of Enlightenment thought, broke down many of the traditional foundations that supported separate church structures. Other breakdowns in the traditional understandings of church unity led to new possibilities for experimentation in the 19th century. The separation of church and state in the United States signalled the need for civility and respect for religious rights in a land of many religions. The sending of missionaries at the beginning of the 19th century revealed the possibilities of cooperation across denominational lines at home and brought to light the scandal of competition and conflict among Christian denominations abroad.
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People
- Ambrose Of Camaldoli (Italian translator)
- Anthimus VI (Eastern Orthodox patriarch)
- Anthimus VII Tsatsos (Eastern Orthodox patriarch)
- Athanasius I (patriarch of Constantinople)
- Athenagoras I (Greek patriarch)
- Bessarion (Byzantine theologian)
- Daniel Ernst Jablonski (German theologian)
- Demetrius Cydones (Byzantine scholar and statesman)
- (German theologian)"/> (German theologian)"/> Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German theologian)
- Emil Brunner (Swiss theologian)
- (American minister)"/> (American minister)"/> Eugene Carson Blake (American minister)
- Franz Xaver von Baader (German theologian)
- Gennadios II Scholarios (patriarch of Constantinople)
- George Acropolites (Byzantine statesman and scholar)
- (British clergyman)"/> (British clergyman)"/> George Kennedy Allen Bell (British clergyman)
- Gregory II Cyprius (Greek Orthodox patriarch)
- (pope)"/> (pope)"/> Innocent IV (pope)
- Isidore Of Kiev (Greek Orthodox patriarch)
- (German historian)"/> (German historian)"/> Johann Adam Möhler (German historian)
- John Dury (Scottish theologian)
- (American evangelist)"/> (American evangelist)"/> John R. Mott (American evangelist)
- John VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor)
- John XI Becchus (patriarch of Constantinople)
- (pope)"/> (pope)"/> John XXIII (pope)
- Justinian (Romanian Orthodox patriarch)
- (Swiss theologian)"/> (Swiss theologian)"/> Karl Barth (Swiss theologian)
- (pope)"/> (pope)"/> Leo XIII (pope)
- (French historian)"/> (French historian)"/> Louis Ellies Dupin (French historian)
- Markos Eugenikos (Greek theologian)
- Metrophanes Kritopoulos (Greek patriarch and theologian)
- Michael Ramsey, Baron Ramsey of Canterbury (archbishop of Canterbury)
- Michael VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor)
- (Swedish archbishop)"/> (Swedish archbishop)"/> Nathan Söderblom (Swedish archbishop)
- Nicholas I (Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople)
- (German religious leader)"/> (German religious leader)"/> Nikolaus Ludwig, count von Zinzendorf (German religious leader)
- (American theologian)"/> (American theologian)"/> Philip Schaff (American theologian)
- (archbishop of Canterbury)"/> (archbishop of Canterbury)"/> Randall Thomas Davidson, Baron Davidson (archbishop of Canterbury)
- Saint Hormisdas (pope)
- Saint John I (pope)
- Theodosius I Boradiotes (patriarch of Constantinople)
- Theoleptus Of Philadelphia (Greek Orthodox bishop)
- Willem Adolph Visser ’t Hooft (Dutch theologian)
- William Edwin Orchard (British priest)
- (archbishop of Canterbury)"/> (archbishop of Canterbury)"/> William Temple (archbishop of Canterbury)
- Yves Congar (French priest)
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Topics
- Christianity
- Churches Together in Britain and Ireland (religious organization)
- Council of Ferrara-Florence (religious history [1438-45])
- Grandchamp and Taizé communities (Protestant group)
- International Society of Christian Endeavor
- National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (American religious organization)
- (Roman Catholic history [1962-65])"/> (Roman Catholic history [1962-65])"/> Second Vatican Council (Roman Catholic history [1962-65])
- The Evangelical Church in Germany (church, Germany)
- World Council of Churches (WCC)
Early 20th-century ecumenism derived impetus from the convergence of three movements: international missionary conferences (Protestant), beginning with the Edinburgh Conference (1910) and taking shape as an institution in the International Missionary Council (1921); the Faith and Order Conferences (on church doctrine and polity), commencing in the conference at Lausanne (1927); and the Life and Work Conferences (on social and practical problems), beginning with the Stockholm Conference (1925). In 1937 at the Oxford Conference of Life and Work, proposals were drawn up to unite with Faith and Order. The World Council of Churches, a consultative and conciliar agent of ecumenism, working with national, denominational, regional, and confessional bodies, was inaugurated in Amsterdam in 1948. The International Missionary Council joined the World Council of Churches in 1961.
Protest movements against the developments that led to and continued in the World Council of Churches have produced an ecumenical convergence of their own. Most participants in this convergence prefer to be called “evangelical.” In the United States the National Association of Evangelicals was formed in 1943, in large part to counter the Federal Council of Churches, which began in 1908 and reorganized as the National Council of Churches in 1950. Evangelicals have many organizations that operate on an international level to channel specific cooperative energies.
In 1961 Pope John XXIII established the Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity, and the Eastern Orthodox churches created the Pan-Orthodox Conference. Dialogues among the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Pentecostal, and Protestant churches have brought general consensus on such issues as baptism, the Eucharist, and the nature of ministry. The Lutheran churches and the Roman Catholic Church have agreed on a common understanding of the doctrine of justification, even as Lutherans, Episcopalians, and the Reformed churches have attained surprising unanimity on certain theological issues.
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