Temporary Disabled. :) please Go back Stages of HIV Infection www.fgks.org » Address: [go: up one dir, main page] Include Form Remove Scripts Accept Cookies Show Images Show Referer Rotate13 Base64 Strip Meta Strip Title Session Cookies International HIV & AIDS charity DonateFundraising About Us Our Partners Help & Advice Contact Us Facebook Linked in Twitter Newsletter Copyright © AVERT skip to menu Stages of HIV Infection back to top Introduction HIV infects cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. One of the main type of cells that HIV infects is the T helper lymphocyte. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system, by coordinating the actions of other immune system cells. A large reduction in the number of T helper cells seriously weakens the immune system. You need to install Adobe Flash player to view AVERT's videos. Click on the logo below to install Flash player. An animated video showing the stages of HIV infection HIV infects the T helper cell because it has the protein CD4 on its surface, which HIV uses to attach itself to the cell before gaining entry. This is why the T helper cell is sometimes referred to as a CD4+ lymphocyte. Once it has found its way into a cell, HIV produces new copies of itself, which can then go on to infect other cells. Over time, HIV infection leads to a severe reduction in the number of T helper cells available to help fight disease. The number of T helper cells is measured by having a CD4 test and is referred to as the CD4 count. It can take several years before the CD4 count declines to the point that an individual needs to begin antiretroviral treatment. Without treatment, the CD4 count continues to decline to very low levels, at which point the individual is said to have progressed to AIDS. HIV infection can generally be broken down into four distinct stages: primary infection, clinically asymptomatic stage, symptomatic HIV infection, and progression from HIV to AIDS. back to top STAGE 1 : Primary HIV infection This stage of infection lasts for a few weeks and is often accompanied by a short flu-like illness. In up to about 20% of people the HIV symptoms are serious enough to consult a doctor, but the diagnosis of HIV infection is frequently missed. During this stage there is a large amount of HIV in the peripheral blood and the immune system begins to respond to the virus by producing HIV antibodies and cytotoxic lymphocytes. This process is known as seroconversion. If an HIV antibody test is done before seroconversion is complete then it may not be positive. back to top STAGE 2 : Clinically asymptomatic stage This stage lasts for an average of ten years and, as its name suggests, is free from major symptoms, although there may be swollen glands. The level of HIV in the peripheral blood drops to very low levels but people remain infectious and HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood, so antibody tests will show a positive result. Research has shown that HIV is not dormant during this stage, but is very active in the lymph nodes. A test is available to measure the small amount of HIV that escapes the lymph nodes. This test which measures HIV RNA (HIV genetic material) is referred to as the viral load test, and it has an important role in the treatment of HIV infection. back to top STAGE 3 : Symptomatic HIV infection Over time the immune system becomes severely damaged by HIV. This is thought to happen for three main reasons: The lymph nodes and tissues become damaged or 'burnt out' because of the years of activity; HIV mutates and becomes more pathogenic, in other words stronger and more varied, leading to more T helper cell destruction; The body fails to keep up with replacing the T helper cells that are lost. Antiretroviral treatment is usually started once an individuals CD4 count (the number of T helper cells) drops to a low level, an indication that the immune system is deteriorating. Treatment can stop HIV from damaging the immune system, therefore, HIV-infected individuals on treatment usually remain clinically asymptomatic. However, in HIV-infected individuals not receiving treatment or on treatment that is not working, the immune system fails and symptoms develop. Initially many of the symptoms are mild, but as the immune system deteriorates the symptoms worsen. Symptomatic HIV infection is mainly caused by the emergence of certain opportunistic infections that the immune system would normally prevent. This stage of HIV infection is often characterised by multi-system disease and infections can occur in almost all body systems. Treatment for the specific infection is often carried out, but the underlying cause is the action of HIV as it erodes the immune system. Unless HIV itself can be slowed down the symptoms of immune suppression will continue to worsen. back to top STAGE 4 : Progression from HIV to AIDS As the immune system becomes more and more damaged the individual may develop increasingly severe opportunistic infections and cancers, leading eventually to an AIDS diagnosis. A clinical criteria is used by WHO to diagnose the progression to AIDS, this differs slightly between adults and children under five. In adults and children (aged 5 or over) the progression to AIDS is diagnosed when any condition listed in clinical stage 4 is diagnosed and/or the CD4 count is less than 200 cells/mm3 or a CD4 percentage less than 15. In children younger than five, an AIDS diagnosis is based on having any stage 4 condition and/or a CD4 percentage less than 20 (children aged 12-35 months) and a CD4 percentage less than 25 (children less than 12 months). The criteria for diagnosing AIDS may differ depending on individual country guidelines. back to top Examples of opportunistic infections and cancers The table below shows examples of common opportunistic infections and cancers and the body systems that they occur in. System Examples of Infection/Cancer Respiratory system Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia (PCP) Tuberculosis (TB) Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) Gastro-intestinal system Cryptosporidiosis Candida Cytomegolavirus (CMV) Isosporiasis Kaposi's Sarcoma Central/peripheral Nervous system Cytomegolavirus Toxoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Non Hodgkin's lymphoma Varicella Zoster Herpes simplex Skin Herpes simplex Kaposi's sarcoma Varicella Zoster back to top WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents (2006 revision) In resource-poor settings, medical facilities are sometimes poorly equipped and tests to measure CD4 count and viral load are unavailable. In this case, another method to determine whether an individual should begin treatment is used. The World Health Organisation (WHO) developed a staging system for HIV disease based on clinical symptoms, which may be used to guide medical decision making. Clinical Stage I: Asymptomatic Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Clinical Stage II: Moderate unexplained* weight loss (under 10% of presumed or measured body weight)** Recurrent respiratory tract infections (sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis) Herpes zoster Angular chelitis Recurrent oral ulceration Papular pruritic eruptions Seborrhoeic dermatitis Fungal nail infections Clinical Stage III: Unexplained* severe weight loss (over 10% of presumed or measured body weight)** Unexplained* chronic diarrhoea for longer than one month Unexplained* persistent fever (intermittent or constant for longer than one month) Persistent oral candidiasis Oral hairy leukoplakia Pulmonary tuberculosis Severe bacterial infections (e.g. pneumonia, empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis, bacteraemia) Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, gingivitis or periodontitis Unexplained* anaemia (below 8 g/dl), neutropenia (below 0.5 billion/l) and/or chronic thrombocytopenia (below 50 billion/l) Clinical Stage IV:*** HIV wasting syndrome Pneumocystis pneumonia Recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital or anorectal of more than one month’s duration or visceral at any site) Oesophageal candidiasis (or candidiasis of trachea, bronchi or lungs) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis Kaposi sarcoma Cytomegalovirus infection (retinitis or infection of other organs) Central nervous system toxoplasmosis HIV encephalopathy Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis including meningitis Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Chronic cryptosporidiosis Chronic isosporiasis Disseminated mycosis (extrapulmonary histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis) Recurrent septicaemia (including non-typhoidal Salmonella) Lymphoma (cerebral or B cell non-Hodgkin) Invasive cervical carcinoma Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis Symptomatic HIV-associated nephropathy or HIV-associated cardiomyopathy email print tweet more Source back to top Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS case definitions for surveillance - 2005 Notes * Unexplained refers to where the condition is not explained by other conditions.** Assessment of body weight among pregnant woman needs to consider the expected weight gain of pregnancy. *** Some additional specific conditions can also be included in regional classifications (such as the reactivation of American trypanosomiasis [meningoencephalitis and/or myocarditis] in the WHO Region of the Americas and penicilliosis in Asia). english español back to content home pageHIV & AIDS Topics Treatment & CareEpidemicGlobal EpidemicAIDS & HIV Around the WorldAIDS : What is AIDS? 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HIV infects cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. One of the main type of cells that HIV infects is the T helper lymphocyte. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system, by coordinating the actions of other immune system cells. A large reduction in the number of T helper cells seriously weakens the immune system.
You need to install Adobe Flash player to view AVERT's videos. Click on the logo below to install Flash player.
An animated video showing the stages of HIV infection
HIV infects the T helper cell because it has the protein CD4 on its surface, which HIV uses to attach itself to the cell before gaining entry. This is why the T helper cell is sometimes referred to as a CD4+ lymphocyte. Once it has found its way into a cell, HIV produces new copies of itself, which can then go on to infect other cells.
Over time, HIV infection leads to a severe reduction in the number of T helper cells available to help fight disease. The number of T helper cells is measured by having a CD4 test and is referred to as the CD4 count. It can take several years before the CD4 count declines to the point that an individual needs to begin antiretroviral treatment. Without treatment, the CD4 count continues to decline to very low levels, at which point the individual is said to have progressed to AIDS.
HIV infection can generally be broken down into four distinct stages: primary infection, clinically asymptomatic stage, symptomatic HIV infection, and progression from HIV to AIDS.
This stage of infection lasts for a few weeks and is often accompanied by a short flu-like illness. In up to about 20% of people the HIV symptoms are serious enough to consult a doctor, but the diagnosis of HIV infection is frequently missed.
During this stage there is a large amount of HIV in the peripheral blood and the immune system begins to respond to the virus by producing HIV antibodies and cytotoxic lymphocytes. This process is known as seroconversion. If an HIV antibody test is done before seroconversion is complete then it may not be positive.
This stage lasts for an average of ten years and, as its name suggests, is free from major symptoms, although there may be swollen glands. The level of HIV in the peripheral blood drops to very low levels but people remain infectious and HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood, so antibody tests will show a positive result.
Research has shown that HIV is not dormant during this stage, but is very active in the lymph nodes. A test is available to measure the small amount of HIV that escapes the lymph nodes. This test which measures HIV RNA (HIV genetic material) is referred to as the viral load test, and it has an important role in the treatment of HIV infection.
Over time the immune system becomes severely damaged by HIV. This is thought to happen for three main reasons:
Antiretroviral treatment is usually started once an individuals CD4 count (the number of T helper cells) drops to a low level, an indication that the immune system is deteriorating. Treatment can stop HIV from damaging the immune system, therefore, HIV-infected individuals on treatment usually remain clinically asymptomatic.
However, in HIV-infected individuals not receiving treatment or on treatment that is not working, the immune system fails and symptoms develop. Initially many of the symptoms are mild, but as the immune system deteriorates the symptoms worsen.
Symptomatic HIV infection is mainly caused by the emergence of certain opportunistic infections that the immune system would normally prevent. This stage of HIV infection is often characterised by multi-system disease and infections can occur in almost all body systems.
Treatment for the specific infection is often carried out, but the underlying cause is the action of HIV as it erodes the immune system. Unless HIV itself can be slowed down the symptoms of immune suppression will continue to worsen.
As the immune system becomes more and more damaged the individual may develop increasingly severe opportunistic infections and cancers, leading eventually to an AIDS diagnosis.
A clinical criteria is used by WHO to diagnose the progression to AIDS, this differs slightly between adults and children under five. In adults and children (aged 5 or over) the progression to AIDS is diagnosed when any condition listed in clinical stage 4 is diagnosed and/or the CD4 count is less than 200 cells/mm3 or a CD4 percentage less than 15. In children younger than five, an AIDS diagnosis is based on having any stage 4 condition and/or a CD4 percentage less than 20 (children aged 12-35 months) and a CD4 percentage less than 25 (children less than 12 months). The criteria for diagnosing AIDS may differ depending on individual country guidelines.
The table below shows examples of common opportunistic infections and cancers and the body systems that they occur in.
In resource-poor settings, medical facilities are sometimes poorly equipped and tests to measure CD4 count and viral load are unavailable. In this case, another method to determine whether an individual should begin treatment is used. The World Health Organisation (WHO) developed a staging system for HIV disease based on clinical symptoms, which may be used to guide medical decision making.
english español
Play our games to test your knowledge and skills, while learning new facts. See how much you know about HIV/AIDS and sexual health, with our AIDS Game, Sex Education Game, Pregnancy Game and Condom Game. Use your mouse to collect the right letters while avoiding the baddies for a chance to appear on our HI-scores table.
Give our games a try now, and see how well you can do!
Our media gallery contains hundreds of HIV and AIDS related photos, videos and graphics. You can have a look around, use the search feature, or take a look at some photo selections.
Try our quizzes to test your knowledge on all aspects of sexual health and HIV and AIDS. We have a Sex Quiz, Pregnancy Quiz, Condom Quiz and an HIV and AIDS Quiz.
Just a beginner? Then try the quizzes' easy levels. Think you're an expert? Well try the hard quizzes.
I went through kind of a phase shift from just getting feelings towards this one guy, to be being confused and feeling kind of bi... - Submitted by Wesley Read more >>
Giving young people a platform to share their thoughts and experiences raises awareness among their peers and gives an invaluable insight into the needs of this high-risk group. More than 2,400 young people are newly infected with HIV every day, accounting for 40% of new adult infections.
Involving youth in the HIV response is key to lowering new HIV infections among the next generation and the role of technology in doing this is now clearer than ever.
A sneak preview of results from an AVERT survey, due to be released on International Youth Day 2013 - 12 August, show that most young people prefer to get their sexual health and HIV/AIDS information online or via mobile, as it's quicker, confidential and cheap. But not all youth are the same, we've found regional variations in the type of technology young people prefer - with 67% of respondents from Africa using mobile phones for health information, compared to just 31% in Europe.
To commemorate International Youth Day 2013 - 12 August, share your experiences with others by sending AVERT your story. Raise HIV awareness among youth, check out the hints, tips and quizzes below and share them with your friends.