Jobbik

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Jobbik – The Movement for a Better Hungary
Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom
Leader Gábor Vona
Founded 24 October 2003
Headquarters 1113 Budapest, Villányi út 20/A
Ideology Hungarian nationalism[1]
Political radicalism[2][3][4]
Political position Far-right[5][6][7]
International affiliation None
European affiliation Alliance of European National Movements
European Parliament group Non-Inscrits
Colours Red and Silver
National Assembly
43 / 386
European Parliament
3 / 22
Website
www.jobbik.hu (Hungarian)
www.jobbik.com (English)

Politics of Hungary
Political parties
Elections

Jobbik, The Movement for a Better Hungary (Hungarian: Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom), commonly known as Jobbik, is a Hungarian radical nationalist[3][4] political party. The party describes itself as "a principled, conservative and radically patriotic Christian party", whose "fundamental purpose" was the protection of "Hungarian values and interests."[8] Jobbik has been described by scholars, different press outlets and its political opponents as fascist,[9] neo-fascist,[10] Neo-Nazi,[11] racist,[12] anti-Semitic,[13] anti-Roma and homophobic.[14] Measured according to its representation in the European Parliament and the National Assembly, it is Hungary's third largest party.

Contents

[edit] History and development

1956 veteran Gergely Pongrátz: a Jobbik founder

[edit] Foundation

Originally established in 2002 as the Right-Wing Youth Association (Jobboldali Ifjúsági Közösség – JOBBIK) by a group of Catholic and Protestant university students, Jobbik was eventually founded as a political party in October 2003.[15][third-party source needed] Instrumental in this was the person of Gergely Pongrátz, who in a speech to the founding conference made reference to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[16][third-party source needed]

Around Christmas 2003, Jobbik started a nationwide cross-erecting action to remind Hungarians of the "true meaning" of the holiday. The move was disapproved by several Christian intellectual groups, while the churches did not officially object to the political absorption of the religious symbol.[17] The party has adopted the Árpád stripes as a symbol. The stripes have been in use since the 13th century and have traditionally been associated with Hungary. Although they are still present in Hungary's coat of arms, their use is controversial as the fascist Arrow Cross Party also used this crest during the 1930s and 40s.[18]

Árpád house's flag

[edit] Alliances

Even though the far-right Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) and Jobbik had publicly shown their mutual aversion beforehand, both parties entered an electoral alliance for the 2006 national elections, called the MIÉP–Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties. Its intention was seen as winning votes from the major conservative Fidesz party.[19]

In the 2006 Hungarian national elections the alliance won only 2.2% of the votes. Therefore, Jobbik termed the alliance a failure and virtually broke it up. In 2009 the State Audit Office (ÁSZ) reported the alliance for grave breaches of accounting rules. Jobbik blamed MIÉP alone for the irregularities.[20]

[edit] Growth and electoral success

Krisztina Morvai, who successfully headed the party's 2009 EP candidate list; and Gábor Vona the Jobbik party chairman; during their nationwide tour.

The party faced its first electoral test with the coming of the 2009 European parliamentary elections. The election’s results shocked their opponents:[21] the party sending three MEPs to Strasbourg; coming close to level with the governing Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) while eliminating their liberal coalition partner Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), to become the nation’s third party.[22]

[edit] Issues and ideology

[edit] Linguistic clarifications

The Movement for a Better Hungary more commonly goes under its abbreviated name Jobbik (pronounced [ˈjobbik]), which is in fact a play on words. The word Jobb in Hungarian has two meanings, the adjective for “better” and the direction “right”; the comparative Jobbik therefore means both “the more preferable choice” and “more to the right”. This is similar to the English phrase "right choice", which could mean both "a choice on the right side of the political spectrum" and "a correct choice".[citation needed]

The meaning of the party’s 2009 election slogan “Hungary belongs to the Hungarians” (Magyarország a Magyaroké!) was also the subject of considerable scrutiny. Some critics thought the slogan essentially tautological,[23] while others were sufficiently concerned to mount a successful complaint at the National Electoral Commission; which ruled it “unconstitutional” on the very eve of the election.[24]

[edit] Radical nationalism

Jobbik rejects the common classification of the political spectrum in left and right. It prefers a distinction of political parties based on their stance towards globalisation. On this scheme, the party sees itself as patriotic.[25]

Jobbik's ideology has been described as right-wing populism, whose strategy “relies on a combination of ethno-nationalism with anti-elitist populist rhetoric and a radical critique of existing political institutions.[26][27]

Jobbik's Greater Hungarian irredentist claims can be found in pleas for cross-border ethnic self-determination. For example, the party demands "territorial autonomy" for the Székely Land in Romania and desires to make Transcarpathian Ukraine an independent Hungarian district.[28]

[edit] Policy position

[edit] Economy

Jobbik rejects the globalised capitalism, and the influence of foreign investors in Hungary.[29]

[edit] Hungarian irredentism

Hungarian losses of territory in the Treaty of Trianon, which is still perceived as wrong by Jobbik.[28] [nb 1]

Jobbik dedicates itself to supporting the cause of the significant (a quarter of Hungarians live outside Hungary[32]) Hungarian minorities that exist external to the nation's territory in countries bordering Hungary.[33]

[edit] Controversy

Unbalanced scales.svg
 This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (March 2013)
The Hungarian Guard in their cultural role. Here a Guard choir sings in Békéscsaba.

[edit] The Hungarian Guard

Main article: Magyar Gárda

The symbol of the Guard, the crest of King Emeric, decorated with lions and Árpád stripes, which is also part of their uniform.

In June 2007 president Vona, supported by the party, founded and registered the organisation called Magyar Gárda, which says in its deed of foundation that it intends to become “part or core” of the national guard to be set up in accordance with the Bethlen Gábor programme, and it also wishes to participate actively “in strengthening national self-defence” and “maintaining public order” as well as supporting and organising social and charity missions, in disaster prevention and civil defence. The foundation of the Guard was accompanied by sharp political debate.

On 10 March 2008 three leading figures resigned from the party: Dávid Kovács, the founding president of the party, Ervin Nagy, committee chairman, and Márton Fári, former chairman of the party’s ethical committee. They indicated the Hungarian Guard as the cause of their resignation, stating that "Jobbik has been merged inseparably with the Guard, taking responsibility for something that it cannot really control in the long run".

On 2 July 2009 the Metropolitan Court of Appeal (Fővárosi Ítélőtábla) disbanded the "Magyar Gárda" Organization because the court held that the activities of the organization were against the human rights of minorities as guaranteed by the Hungarian Constitution. The Guard has attempted to reorganize itself as a civil service association, known as the Magyar Gárda Foundation, engaged in cultural and nation building activities rather than politics. Its renewed activities are opposed by the Hungarian authorities [34] and prosecutors claim that the founding of the new organization is in contempt of previous court rulings.

Jobbik argues that the national police should be greatly strengthened and -with the FIDESZ- supports introducing a "three strikes law" [35]

[edit] Allegations of racism

The party has strenuously denied[36][37][38] allegations of anti-semitism or racism, as being either politically motivated[39][40][41] or simply false. It has also dismissed the criticism of perceived anti-semitism, racism and homophobia as the "favourite topics" of an "ignorant and misled" European Union.[42] Even so, the movement has been accused of playing on those fears.[42] Jobbik has also been linked to homophobic incidents in Budapest.[43][44] In London on 16 May 2008 the delegation of Jobbik's Committee of Foreign Affairs met Nick Griffin, chairman of the British National Party. They discussed cooperation between the two parties, and the elections for the European Parliament. Griffin spoke at the party rally in August 2008, while former vice-president Zoltan Füzessy is presently resident in Gravesend, Kent, England.[45] During November 2012 Marton Gyöngyösi, a Jobbik parliamentarian called for the creation of the Jewish list which would according to him include "all dangerous Jews who are posing threat to Hungarian national security" In video speech posted on Jobbik website Gyöngyösi said "I think such a conflict makes it timely to tally up people of Jewish ancestry who live here, especially in the Hungarian Parliament and the Hungarian government, who, indeed, pose a national security risk to Hungary." [46] Jewish organization responded to Gyöngyösi speech by describing it as a reintroduction of Nazism in Hungarian parliament and by describing Jobbik as a Nazi party.[47]

Jobbik claims to reject violence and support democracy.[48][49][50]

[edit] Anti-Semitism

On the eve of the 2009 elections to the European parliament, a comment was posted on an unofficial and unverified Hungarian political internet forum, allegedly in the name of Prof. Krisztina Morvai, who then headed the party’s electoral list. Addressing their remarks to Hungarian Jews the comment poster stated that they “would be glad if the so-called proud Hungarian Jews went back to playing with their tiny circumcised dicks instead of vilifying me.”[51][52][53] News of this comment, which has been roundly condemned,[54] spread rapidly around the world[55][56] and eventually even featured in an article by The Economist.[57] Morvai’s critics have pointed to her refusal to even discuss the issue,[58] let alone deny it;[59] implying that this is sufficient to unquestioningly ascribe authorship of the remarks to her.[60]

Her supporters however, claim that though she certainly has a record of being critical of the state of Israel[61] given a sympathy for the Palestinian cause she developed while working as an international human rights lawyer,[62] the idea of Morvai being an anti-Semite is "simply ridiculous," given that at the time of her alleged remarks she was married to a Hungarian of Jewish origin,[63] with whom she has three children,[64] but from whom she is now separated.[63]

In a newsletter published by a group calling itself The trade union of Hungarian police officers prepared for action, the following was allegedly printed: "Given our current situation, anti-Semitism is not just our right, but it is the duty of every Hungarian homeland lover, and we must prepare for armed battle against the Jews." The editor of the union, Judit Szima, is a Jobbik candidate in the upcoming election for the European Union parliament. Haaretz alleged Szima "didn't see anything wrong with the content of the article."[65]

During spring 2012, Jobbik representative in Hungarian parliament Zsolt Baráth caused an outrage by commemorating 1882 blood libel against the Jews in Parliament. The Tiszaeszlár blood libel, found later to be unrelated to Jews, was known as first major anti-Jewish event in modern Hungary, predating the Holocaust.[66]

In November 2012 Márton Gyöngyösi, a leader of Jobbik, advised the government to draw up lists of Izraeli-Hungarian poltician in the hungarian Parliament who pose a "national security risk". As Al Jazeera reported, this led to "international condemnation of Nazi-style policies and a protest outside the legislature in Budapest [67] Around ten thousand Hungarians[68] in Budapest protested against the anti-Semitic remarks of Jobbik leader. All major Hungarian political parties took part in the protest. At the protest, Attila Mesterházy the leader of Hungarian Socialist Party described Jobbik as "fascist possessions virus" while Antal Rogán, representing the governing conservative Fidesz party, described Jobbik as "evil".[69]

[edit] Election results

For the Hungarian Parliament:

Elections Number of votes (1st round) Percentage of votes (1st round) Number of votes (2nd round) Percetage of votes (2nd round) Number of seats Percentage of seats Role played in Parliament
2006* 119,007 2.20% 231 0.007% 0 0% extra-parliamentary
2010 855,436 16.67% 141,323 12.26% 47 12.18% opposition

*In an electoral alliance with MIÉP, under the name of the "MIÉP-Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties", joined by Independent Smallholders’ Party (FKgP) organisations from 15 counties.

For the European Parliament:

Elections Number of votes Percentage of votes Placing (nationally) Number of seats Group in the European Parliament Subgroup in the European Parliament
2009 427,773 14.77% 3rd[70] 3 Non-Attached Members Non-Attached Members
† 2009 Seat winners:
  1. Krisztina Morvai
  2. Zoltán Balczó - His seat EP was taken over by Béla Kovács, when he became a member of the Hungarian Parliament in May 2010.
  3. Csanád Szegedi

Municipal:

[icon] This section requires expansion. (August 2009)

Mayoral:

Question book-new.svg
 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Map is based on the 1910 manipulated census.[30] The Hungarian government manipulated the stats in order to increase the percentage of Magyar population, so these numbers are unreliable.[31]

[edit] References

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  17. ^ Szilágyi, Tamás (2008). "Sacred Characteristics of the Nation: "Hungarianism" as Political Religion?" (PDF). revacern.eu. http://www.revacern.eu/exchange-programme/EP-paper%20szilagyi.pdf. "The other case, which drew the attention of the public, is the country‐wide cross erecting “actions” of JOBBIK Party during Christmas, which started in 2003... Several Christian intellectual groups have disapproved these actions; however, no clear objection appeared from the churches against the political appropriation of the religious symbol."
  18. ^ Gergely Kispál "Árpád Stripes misses the mark" Budapest Times 11 December 2009
  19. ^ "The nationalist Right Gets Together: "Third way" platform". hvg. 2005-10-17. http://hvg.hu/english/20051017nationalistright.aspx.
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  24. ^ EP elections - Hungary elections committee finds radical Jobbik's slogan unconstitutional, The Budapest Times, 2009-06-04, http://www.budapesttimes.hu/content/view/12155/159/
  25. ^ Leigh Phillips (2010-04-19). "EUobserver / A far-right for the Facebook generation: The rise and rise of Jobbik". Euobserver.com. http://euobserver.com/843/29866. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  26. ^ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 4. ISBN 0-312-08390-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LwTTwbtNyxUC&dq=Explaining+the+Emergence+of+Radical+Right-Wing+Populist+Parties:&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s. "the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system"
  27. ^ Albertazzi, Daniele (2007). Radical Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-230-01349-X.
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  32. ^ Inder Singh, Anita (2000). Democracy, ethnic diversity, and security in post-communist Europe. Central European University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-275-97258-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=nU3bO8uiBn0C&pg=PA97&dq=Magyar+and+Russian+minorities+are+the+largest+minority+groups+in+Europe#v=onepage&q=&f=false. "[including the nations of the former Soviet Union] Magyar and Russian minorities are the largest minority groups in Europe, about one-tenth of all Russians and a quarter of Magyars live outside Russia and Hungary respectively."
  33. ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 262 online; Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture p. 359-360 online)
  34. ^ police-investigate-new-magyar-garda New Magyar Gárda
  35. ^ "Erősíteni kell a nemzettudatot". Naplo-online.hu. http://www.naplo-online.hu/fooldal-foldalrovat_legfrissebb_hirek/20090524_erositeni_kell_nemzettudatot. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  36. ^ LeBor, Adam (2009-06-09), Jobbik: Meet the BNP's fascist friends in Hungary, London: timesonline.co.uk, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6457752.ece, "Jobbik strongly denies that it is anti-Semitic and has condemned the Holocaust. “We are not against anyone, just for Hungary,” its leaders say."
  37. ^ Stancil, Jordan (2009-06-12), Jobbik Rising, thenation.com, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090629/stancil, "Jobbik denies accusations of racism or anti-Semitism"
  38. ^ Racist Violence Flares In Central And E.Europe, javno.com, 2008-11-21, http://www.javno.com/en-world/racist-violence-flares-in-central-and-eeurope_206180
  39. ^ Moore, Matthew (2008-11-10), Hungarian extremist running far-right website from UK, London: telegraph.co.uk, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3416496/Hungarian-extremist-running-far-right-website-from-UK.html, "When confronted at his home by the newspaper, Mr Fuzessy insisted he was not claiming benefits in the UK and denied Jobbik was fascist. “My party is radical but it is patriotic, not nationalist,” he said. “Millions in Hungary support us. Those who call us Nazis are just communists.”"
  40. ^ "Jobbik confident of winning EP seat, party leader says". politics.hu (source: MTI). 2009-05-13. http://www.politics.hu/20090513/jobbik-confident-of-winning-ep-seat-party-leader-says. "The party is embroiled in legal action against the liberal Free Democrats, which recently branded the party as “Neo-Nazi”, a label which Jobbik vigorously denies."
  41. ^ Gergely, Andras (2007-03-22), Che's the man for Hungary's young Socialists, reuters.com, http://www.reuters.com/article/gc04/idUSEIC24386320070322
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  49. ^ Szabó, Gábor (2009-07-15). "Counsel of Dictatorship Smells Blood". Jobbik.com. http://www.jobbik.com/jobbik-announcements/3091.html. "Jobbik finds the comments of former minister Peter Barandy who called for special consideration to disband the party of Jobbik that enjoys a popular support of 15%, astonishing and contrary to elementary democratic values."
  50. ^ LeBor, Adam (2008-Spring). "Marching Back to the Future: Magyar Garda and the Resurgence of the Right in Hungary". Dissent. http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=1158. "Vona rejects violence, and there is no evidence that Garda members have been involved in violence."
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[edit] External links
National Assembly (386)
Not represented*
* Limit for parties to join the National Assembly in Hungary is 5 % of popular votes
European Parliament (22)
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