Tunisia (
Tūnis), officially the
Tunisian Republic (
al-Jumhūriyya
at-Tūnisiyya), is a country located in
North Africa.
It is bordered by Algeria
to the west,
Libya
to the
southeast, and Mediterranean Sea
to the north
and east. Its size is almost 165,000 km² with an
estimated population of just over 10.3 million.
Its name is derived
from the capital Tunis
located in
the north-east.
Tunisia is the northernmost country on the African continent, and
the smallest of the nations situated along the
Atlas mountain range. The south of the
country is composed of the
Sahara
desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly
fertile soil and 1,300 km of coastline.
Both played a
prominent role in ancient times, first with the famous Phoenician
city of
Carthage
, then as
the Africa Province
which was known as the "bread basket" of the Roman Empire. Later, Tunisia was
occupied by
Vandals during the 5th century
AD,
Byzantines in the 6th century, and
Arabs in the 7th century. Under the
Ottoman Empire, Tunisia was known as "Regency
of Tunis".
It passed under French
protectorate
in 1881. After obtaining its independence in 1956, the
country took the official name of the "Kingdom of Tunisia" at the
end of the reign of
Lamine Bey and the
Husainid Dynasty. With the
proclamation of the Tunisian republic in July 25, 1957, the
nationalist leader
Habib Bourguiba
became its first president and led the modernization of the
country. Today Tunisia is an export-oriented country, in the
process of liberalizing its economy .
Tunisia has close relations with both the
European Union with whom it has an
association agreement
and the
Arab world. Tunisia is also a
member of the
Arab League and the
African union.
Etymology
The word
Tunisia is derived from Tunis; a
city and capital of modern-day Tunisia. The present form of
the name, with its Latinate suffix , evolved from French
Tunisie. This name was introduced by French geographers
and historians as part of their efforts to give names to their new
occupied territories and protectorates. The French derivative
Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight
modifications introducing a distinctive name to designate the
country. Other languages remained untouched such as the
Spanish Túnez. In this case, the
same name is used for both country and city as in
Arabic : تونس and only by context, one can
tell the difference.
The name
Tunis can be attributed to different origins. It
can be associated with the Phoenician goddess
Tanith , ancient city of
Tynes or to the
Berber root
ens which means "to lie down".
History
At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by
Berber tribes.
Its coast was settled
by Phoenicians starting as
early as the 10th century B.C. The city of Carthage was
founded in the 9th century B.C. by settlers from Tyre
,
now in modern day Lebanon
.
Legend says, that
Dido
founded the city in 814 B.C., as retold in by the Greek writer
Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought their
culture and religion from the Phoenicians and other
Canaanites.
After a
series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century
BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant
civilization in the Western Mediterranean
. The
people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods
including
Baal and
Tanit.
Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long
dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of
Carthage also established a
Tophet which was
altered in Roman times.
Though the
Romans referred to the new empire growing in the city of Carthage
as Punic or Phoenician, the empire
built around Carthage was an independent political entity from the
other Phoenician settlements in the Western
Mediterranean.
A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by
Hannibal during the
Second Punic War, one of a series of wars
with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of the
Roman Empire. Carthage was eventually conquered
by Rome in the 2nd century BC, a turning point which led to ancient
Mediterranean civilization having been influenced mainly by
European instead of African cultures.
After the Roman conquest, the region became one of the granaries of
Rome, and was Latinized and Christianized. The Romans controlled
nearly all of modern Tunisia, unlike other modern African
countries, of which Rome only held the northern coast. It was
conquered by the
Vandals in the 5th century
AD and reconquered by the commander
Belisarius in the 6th century during the rule of
Byzantine emperor
Justinian.
Around
the beginning of the 8th century the region was conquered by
Arab Muslims, who founded
the city of Kairouan
which became
the first city of Islam in North Africa. Tunisia flourished
under Arab rule. Extensive irrigation installations were
constructed to supply towns with water and promote agriculture
(especially olive production). This prosperity permitted luxurious
court life and was marked by the construction of new Palace cities
such as al-Abassiya (809) and Raqadda (877).
Successive Muslim dynasties ruled Tunisia (
Ifriqiya at the time) with occasional instabilities
caused mainly by
Berber rebellions ;
of these reigns we can cite the
Aghlabids
(
800-
900) and
Fatimids (
909-
972).
After conquering Cairo
, Fatimids
abandoned North Africa to the local Zirids
(Tunisia and parts of Eastern Algeria, 972-1148) and Hammadid (Central and eastern Algeria,
1015-1152). North Africa was submerged by their quarrels;
political instability was connected to the decline of Tunisian
trade and agriculture. In addition the invasion of Tunisia by
Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab Bedouin tribes
encouraged by Fatimids of Egypt to seize North Africa, sent the
region's urban and economic life into further decline. The Arab
historian
Ibn Khaldun wrote that the
lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid
desert.
The coasts were held briefly by the
Normans
of
Sicily in the 12th century and the
following Arab reconquest made the last Christians in Tunisia
disappear. In 1159, Tunisia was conquered by the
Almohad caliphs. They were succeeded by the Berber
Hafsids (c.1230– 1574), under whom Tunisia
prospered. In the late 16th century the coast became a
pirate stronghold (see:
Barbary States).
In the
last years of the Hafsids, Spain
seized many
of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire. Under its
Turkish governors, the
Beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The
Hussein dynasty of Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957.
From 1881 - 1956 the country was under French colonization.
European settlements in the country were actively encouraged; the
number of
French colonists grew from
34,000 in 1906 to 144,000 in 1945. In 1910 there were 105,000
Italians in Tunisia.
World War II
In 1942– 1943, Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations
by the
Allied Forces (the
British Empire and the United States) against the
Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during
World War II.
The main body of the British army,
advancing from their victory in Battle of el-Alamein
under the
command of British Field
Marshal Montgomery, pushed into Tunisia from the south.
The US
and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco
in Operation Torch
, invaded
from the west.
General
Rommel, commander of the
Axis forces in North Africa, had hoped
to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German
forces did in the
Battle of France
in 1940. Before the battle for el-Alamein, the allied forces had
been forced to retreat toward Egypt. As such the battle for Tunisia
was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to
defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and
quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the German-Italian
forces would inflict.
On
February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the
American forces in the Kasserine
Pass
region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of
demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt
to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster
for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the
site of many US
war graves from that
time.
However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their
retreat. Having known a critical strategy in
tank warfare, the Allies broke through the
Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on
April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia
surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French,
and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major
battle as an allied army.
The
battle, though often overshadowed by Stalingrad
, represented a major allied victory of World War II
largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate
Western Europe.
Present-day politics
Tunisia is a procedural democracy. On paper it is a republican
presidential system characterized by bicameral parliamentary
system, including the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber of
Advisors. Authoritarian president
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, previously
a military figure, has been in office since 1987, the year he
acceded to the executive office of
Habib
Bourguiba after a team of medical experts judged Bourguiba
unfit to exercise the functions of the office. Prior to that moment
Ben Ali was Bourguiba's minister. The day of the succession, 7th of
November, is celebrated by the state as national holiday, with many
public building's and even the national currency and the only
private airline and TV station (both owned by the family of the
President's wife) carrying the '7 November' logo.
In Tunisia, the President is re-elected with enormous majorities
every 5-year terms. He appoints a Prime Minister and cabinet, who
play a minor role in the execution of policy. Regional governors
and local administrators also are appointed by the central
government. Largely consultative mayors and municipal councils are
elected with most seats going to the President's party. There is a
bicameral legislative body, the
Chamber of Deputies, which has 182
seats, 20% of which are reserved for opposition parties and the
Chamber of Advisors which is
composed of representatives of political parties, professional
organisations patronised by the President and by personalities
appointed by the president of the Republic. Both chambers are
composed of more than 20% women, making it one of the rare
countries in the Arab world where women enjoy equal rights.
Incidentally, it is also the only country in the Arab world where
polygamy is forbidden by law. This is part
of a provision in the country’s Code of Personal Status which was
introduced by the former president Bourguiba in 1956.
The judiciary is not independent in constitutional matters and
often corrupt in civil cases. The military does not play an obvious
role in politics letting the ex-army man President run the country.
Hundreds of thousands of young men avoid compulsory conscription
and live with the constant fear of arrest although it appears that
the police only go after them in certain times of the year only
(the 'raffle') and often let them go if a sufficient bribe is
paid.
The regime repeatedly passes laws that make it appear democratic to
outsiders. Since 1987, Tunisia has reformed its political system
several times. It has formally abolished life presidency and opened
up the parliament to opposition parties. In reality, however, all
power is monopolized formally by the President and his party -
which incidentally is housed in Tunis's tallest tower - and
informally by influential families such as the all powerful
Trabelsis from the President's wife's
side, Leila, a former coiffeuse. Recently Tunisia refused a French
request for the extradition of two of the President's nephews, from
Leila's side, who are accused by the French State prosecutor of
having stolen two mega-yachts from a French marina
The President's party, known as the
Constitutional Democratic
Rally (RCD) in French, is composed of about 2 million members
and more than 6000 representations throughout the country and is
largely overlapping with all important state institutions. Although
the party was renamed (in Bourguiba’s days it used to be known as
the Socialist Destourian Party), its policies are still considered
to be largely secular. There are currently eight other small
'political parties' in Tunisia, six of whom are represented in
Parliament giving a semblance of legitimacy. Since 2007, all
political parties represented in parliament benefit from state
subsidies to cover the rising cost of paper and to expand their
publication. In July 2008, new constitutional provisions have been
voted by the country’s 'parliament'.
In reality no-one ever has ever openly launched criticism of the
regime and all protest is severely suppressed and does not get
reported in the media. Self-censorship is widespread with people
fearing the police which is present everywhere and frequently stops
and searches individuals and vehicles - often demanding small
amounts of bribe money to make up for their meagre salaries. Daily
newspapers run eulogistic articles praising the President whose
picture graces the first page on a daily basis. Large pictures of
President Ben Ali and 'spontaneously' erected banners praising him
are found on all public buildings and majors streets.
The
internet is severely restricted,
including sites like
YouTube. Nevertheless
the internet has witnessed a considerable development with more
than 1,1 million users and hundreds of internet cafes, known as
‘publinet.’ This is primarily related to the widespread
unemployment and lack of democracy and opportunities resulting in
millions of bored unemployed graduates. Independent human rights
groups, such as
Amnesty
International, have documented that rights are not
respected.
2009 National elections
In October 25, 2009, national elections were held in Tunisia. The
election consisted of a presidential one and a parliamentary one.
The sitting president Zinedine Ben Ali won a landslide victory,
with 89.62%. His main opponent, Mohamed Bouchiha, received 5.01%.
The president's party, the CDR, also got the majority of votes for
the parliamentary election, 84.59%. The Movement of Socialist
Democrats party received 4.63% .
The election received criticism from both internal and foreign
media . Human Rights Watch has reported that parties and candidates
were denied exposure equal to the sitting president, and that the
Ettajdid partys weekly
publication,
Ettarik al-Jadid, was seized by authorities
.
The four presidential candidates in the 2009 presidential election
were the following:
| Candidate |
Percentage of votes (%) |
| Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
(RCD) |
89.62% |
| Mohamed Bouchiha
(PPU) |
5.01% |
| Ahmed Linoubli
(UDU) |
3.80% |
| Ahmed Ibrahim (ME) |
1.57% |
|
Economy
Tunisia has a diverse economy, ranging from agriculture, mining,
manufacturing, petroleum products and tourism. In 2008 it had a GDP
of $41 billion (official exchange rates), or $82 billion
(purchasing power parity) . It also has one of Africa and the
Middle East's highest per-capita GDPs (PPP) . The agricultural
sector stands for 11,6% of the GDP, industry 25,7%, and services
62,8%. The industrial sector is mainly made up of clothing and
footwear manufacturing, production of car parts, and electric
machinery. Although Tunisia managed an average 5% growth over the
last decade it continues to suffer from a high unemployment
especially among youth.
Tunisia was ranked the most competitive economy in Africa and the
40th in the world by the World Economic Forum. Tunisia has managed
to attract many international companies such as
Airbus and
Hewlett-Packard.
The
European Union remains Tunisia's
first trading partner, currently accounting for 72.5% of Tunisian
imports and 75% of Tunisian exports. Tunisia is a one of the
European Union’s most established
trading partners in the
Mediterranean region and ranks as the
EU’s 30th largest trading partner.
Tunisia was the first Mediterranean country to
sign an Association Agreement with the European Union, in July 1995, although even
before the date of entry into force, Tunisia started dismantling
tariffs on bilateral EU trade. Tunisia finalised the tariffs
dismantling for industrial products in 2008 and therefore was the 1
st Mediterranean country to enter in a free trade area with
EU.
Tunisia
also attracted large Persian Gulf investments (especially from
United Arab Emirates
) the largest include:
- Mediterranean gate: a US$ 25
billion project to build a new city in the south of Tunis .
- Tunis Sport City: an entire
sports city currently being constructed in Tunis, Tunisia. The city
that will consist of apartment buildings as well as several sports
facilities will be built by the Bukhatir Group at a cost of $5
Billion.
- Tunis Financial harbour:
will deliver North Africa’s first
offshore financial centre at Tunis Bay in a project with an end
development value of US$ 3 billion.
- Tunis Telecom
City: A US$ 3 billion project to create an IT hub in Tunis.
Real estate market
In recent years Tunisia has embarked on a new market. Since the
beginning of the 2000´s, the real estate market has grown. The
market focuses partially on residencies for private persons, but
also larger projects aimed at the tourist and sales market. Notable
investors reside in the
Arab states of the Persian
Gulf.
Oil and gas extraction
Oil production of Tunisia is about 97 600 barrels/day. The main
field is El bourma.
Energy
Sources of electricity
production
The majority of the electricity used in Tunisia is produced
locally, by stateowned company STEG (Société Tunisienne de
l´Electricité et du Gaz).In 2008 a total of 13 747 GHW was produced
in the country,.
Oil and gas
Oil production began in 1966 in Tunisia. Currently there is 12 oil
fields. Below is a list of the oil fields:
| Oil field |
Oil field |
| 7 November oil field |
El Menzah field |
| Ashtart field |
Belli field |
| Bouri field |
Cercina field |
| El Biban field |
El Borma field |
| Ezzaouia field |
Miskar field |
| Sidi El Kilani field |
Tazarka field |
Nuclear energy
Tunisia is on the path of installing two nuclear powerplants within
a 10 year period. Each one of these is projected at producing
900-1000 MW. In it´s effort to obtain nuclear energy, France is set
to become an important partner. Tunisia and France have inked
agreements, where France will deliver training and know how amongst
others .
Desertec project
The
Desertec project is a large-scale
energy project aimed at installing solarpower panels in, and a grid
connecting North Africa and Europe. Tunisia will be a part of this
project, but exactly how it may benefit from it remains to be
seen.
Transportation
The new Radés-La Goulette bridge in Tunis.
Religion
The constitution declares
Islam as the
official
state religion and requires
the President to be
Muslim. Tunisia also
enjoys a significant degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined
and protected in its constitution which guarantees the freedom to
practice one's religion. The country has a culture that encourages
acceptance of other religions; religious freedom is widely
practiced. However, the government has been accused of limiting the
freedom of Muslims by banning the wearing the Headscarf (Hijab).
The government believes the Hijab is a "garment of foreign origin
having a partisan connotation".
Individual Tunisians are tolerant of religious freedom and
generally do not inquire about a person's personal beliefs.
The majority of Tunisia's population (98%) are
Muslims, while 1% follow
Christianity and the rest (1%) adhere to
Judaism or other religions. However, there
are no reliable data on the number of practicing Muslims. Some
reports stipulate that atheists form the second largest group in
the country (making it probably on top of any other North African
country).
Tunisia has a sizable Christian community of around 25,000
adherents; mainly
Catholics (20,000) and
to a lesser degree
Protestants.
Judaism is the country's third largest religion with 1,500 members.
One-third of the Jewish population lives in and around the capital.
The remainder lives on the island of Djerba, where the Jewish
community dates back 2,500 years.
Djerba
, an island
in the Gulf of Gabès, is home to
El Ghriba synagogue
, which is one of the oldest synagogues in the
world. Many Jews consider it a pilgrimage site with
celebrations taking place there once every year.
Governorates & cities
Governorates
Governorates of Tunisia
Tunisia is subdivided into 24
governorates, they are:
The governorates are divided into 264 "
delegations" or "
districts" (
mutamadiyat), and further
subdivided into
municipalities
(
shaykhats) and sectors (
imadats).
Major cities
Military
The Tunisian armed forces are divided into three branches:
Tunisia's military spending is 1.6% of GDP (2006). The army is
responsible for national defence and also internal security. It
appears that in recent years, Tunisia's defence forces have become
more focused on Islamist groups in North Africa. The U.S. has
conducted exercises with Tunisian defence forces due to this
concern.
Geography
Topographic map of Tunisia.
Tunis bay
Ressas mount from Tunis Lake
Tunisia
is a country situated on the Mediterranean coast of
North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile
Valley. It is bordered by Algeria in the west
and Libya in the
south-east. An abrupt southern turn of its shoreline gives
Tunisia two faces on the Mediterranean.
Despite its relatively small size, Tunisia has great geographical
and climatic diversity. The Dorsal, an extension of the Atlas
Mountains, traverses Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the
Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula. North of the
Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills
and plains, although in the northwestern corner of Tunisia, the
land reaches elevations of 1,050 meters.
The
Sahil is a plain along Tunisia's
eastern Mediterranean coast famous because of its olive
monoculture. Inland from the Sahil, between the Dorsal and a range
of hills south of Gafsa, are the
Steppes.
Much of the southern region is
semi-arid
and
desert.
Tunisia has a coastline 1,148 kilometres in length. In maritime
terms, the country claims a contiguous zone of , and a territorial
sea of .
Tunisia's climate is
temperate in the
north, with mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The south of
the country is desert. The terrain in the north is mountainous,
which, moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central
plain. The south is
semiarid,
and merges into the
Sahara.
A series of salt lakes, known as chotts or
shatts, lie in an east-west line at the northern edge of
the Sahara, extending from the Gulf of
Gabes into Algeria.
The
lowest point is Shatt al Gharsah, at -17 m, and the highest is
Jebel ech Chambi
,
at 1544 metres.
Region
The region of Tunisia has some deserts, including part of the
Sahara Desert in the south. In the north and mid the land is
surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Tunisia does not get so cold
in the winter that it snows, but the temperature still can get
below .In the summer it can get up to . Most of Tunisia has four
seasons.
Demographics
The majority (98%) of modern Tunisians are
Arab
or
arabized Berber, and are speakers
of
Tunisian Arabic.
However, there is
also a small (1% at most) population of Berber located in the Jabal Dahar mountains in
the South East and on the island of Jerba
, though
many more have Berber ancestry. The Berbers primarily speak
Berber languages, often called
Shelha.
The small European population (1%) consists mostly of French and
Italians. There is also long established
Jewish
community in the country, the
history of the Jews in
Tunisia going back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish
population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2003 only about 1,500
remained.
The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the
Berber.
Numerous
civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, and been
assimilated into the population over the millennia, with varying
influxes of population via conquest and settlement from Phoenicians
/Carthaginians
, Roman, Vandals,
Arabs, Ottoman
Turks, and French.
Additionally, after the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and
Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Moors and Jews also arrived at the
end of the 15th century. In addition, from the late 1800s to
after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of
French and
Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956),
although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left
after Tunisia became independent.
Religion in Tunisia is dominated
by
Islam, to which a majority of
Tunisians (98%) adhere. One of the most ancient Jewish communities
in the world resides in Jerba, where religious diversity thrives.
The southern Tunisian island is home to 39 synagogues.
Language
Advert primarily in Tunisian
Arabic
Arabic is Tunisia's official
language. As is the case in the rest of the
Arab world, a local variety of Arabic is used by
the public.
Tunisian Arabic is
closely related to the
Maltese
language. There is also a small minority of speakers of
Shelha, a
Berber
language.
Due to the former french occupation,
French also plays a major role in the
country, despite having no official status. It is widely used in
education (e.g. as the language of instruction in the sciences in
secondary school), the press, and in business. Most Tunisians are
able to speak it. Many Tunisians, particularly those residing in
large urban areas, readily mix Tunisian Arabic with French, a
dialectal melange often informally called 'Frarabic'.
Education
Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of
GNP. A basic education for children
between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991.
Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of "quality of the [higher]
educational system" and 21st in the category of "quality of primary
education" in
The
Global Competitiveness Report 2008-9, released by The World
Economic Forum.
While children generally acquire
Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter
school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in
Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are
taught French while English is introduced at the age of 12.
Colleges and universities in Tunisia include:
- Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie
- International University of Tunis
- Université Libre de Tunis
- Université de l'Aviation et Technologie de Tunisie
- Institut National d'Agronomie de Tunis
- Université des Sciences de Tunis
Culture
The National Opéra, in downtown
Tunis.
The culture of Tunisia is mixed due to their long established
history of conquerors such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals,
Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, Spaniards, and the French who all left
their mark on the country.
Sports
The most popular sport in Tunisia is Football. The national
football team, also known as "The Eagles of Carthage" have
participated in four World Cup Championships. The teams record is
shown below:
| Year in World Cup |
Result |
| 1978 |
1st Round |
| 1998 |
1st Round |
| 2002 |
1st Round |
| 2006 |
1st Round |
|
The premier football league is the
"Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle
1". The main clubs are
Espérance Sportive de
Tunis,
Club Africain, and
Étoile Sportive du
Sahel.
Handball
The
national team has
participated in several handball world championships. In 2005
Tunisia came 4th. The national league consists of about 12 teams,
with ES. Sahel and Esperance S.Tunis dominating.
The most famous tunisian handball player is
Wissem Hmam. In
the 2005 handball
championship in Tunis, Wisam Hmam was ranked as the top scorer
of the tournament.
Swimming
In the 2008 Olympics, Tunisian
Oussama
Mellouli won a gold medal in 1500 freestyle.
Festivals
- Matmata Festival - Matmata (March)
- Festival Oriljazz (April)
- Festival "Tozeur, the Oriental, the African" (April)
- International spring festival - Sbeitla (April)
- Arab poetry festival - Tozeur - (April)
- Carthage Jazz festival - Gammarth (April)
- Tozeur’s International Oasis Festival - Tozeur (December)
- Techno House festival - Gammarth (December)
- Dar Sebastian celebrates opera festival - lyrical festival
-(December)
- Caravana Latina” Festival - Tozeur (December)
- Traditional Saharan festival - Douz (December)
Affiliations
Tunisia is a member of the following organizations:
See also
References
External links
Photography gallery]