A
shopping mall or
shopping
centre is one or more buildings forming a complex of
shops representing merchandisers, with
interconnecting
walkways enabling visitors
to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a convenient parking
area – a modern, indoor version of the traditional
marketplace.
Modern
“car-friendly” strip malls developed
from the 1920s, and shopping malls corresponded with the rise of
suburban living in the United States
after World War
II.
Regional differences
In most of the
world the term
shopping
centre is used, especially in
Europe and
Australasia; however
shopping
mall is also used, predominantly in
North America.
Shopping precinct and
shopping arcade are also used. In
North America, the term
shopping mall
is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and may be
abbreviated to simply
mall) while
shopping center
usually refers to open-air retail complexes, both usually have
large parking lots, face major traffic arterials and have few
pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.
Malls in
Ireland
are usually referred to as "shopping centres" and
are typically very small and placed in the centre of town.
They
average about twenty years in age – the oldest, Stillorgan
shopping centre, was built in 1966 – and include a
mix of local shops and chain stores. These malls do not have
shops found in the high street or modern shopping centres.
Shopping
centres in the United
Kingdom
can be referred to as "shopping centres", "shopping
precincts", or "town centres". The standard British
pronunciation of the word "mall" is as in "The Mall,
London
" – the tree-lined avenue leading to Buckingham
Palace
, London
and also
like "pal" (friend).
In
Hong
Kong
, the term "shopping centre" is the most frequently
used, and the name of a shopping centre in Hong Kong usually
contains the word "centre" or "plaza".
History
Isfahan
's Grand Bazaar,
which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long
covered Tehran's Grand
Bazaar
also has a long history. The Grand
Bazaar
of Istanbul
was built in the 15th
century and is still one of the largest covered markets in the
world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops.
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg
, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of
the first purposely-built shopping malls, as it consisted of more
than 100 shops covering an area of over .
The
Oxford
Covered Market
in Oxford
, England
opened in 1774 and still runs today.
The
Burlington
Arcade
in London was opened in 1819. The
Arcade
in Providence, Rhode Island
introduced the concept to the United States
in 1828, making it the oldest mall in
America. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
in Milan
, Italy
followed in
the 1860s and is closer to large modern malls in
spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and
shopping centres in the late 19th
century and early 20th century,
including the Cleveland
Arcade
and Moscow
's GUM
in 1890. Early shopping centers designed for the
automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois
(1916) and Country Club Plaza
, Kansas City, Missouri
(1924).
An early
indoor mall in the United States was the Lake View Store at Morgan Park, Duluth,
Minnesota
, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening
on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from
Chicago
and the building contractor was George H.
Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two-stories with a full
basement and shops were originally located on all three levels. All
of the stores were located within the interior of the mall with
some shops being accessible from both inside and out.
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the
suburb and
automobile
culture in the United States, a new style of shopping centre was
created away from
downtown.
Early shopping centers
The Arcade of Cleveland was the first indoor shopping mall in the
U.S. and an architectural triumph. When the building opened in
1890, two sides of the arcade were glazed with 1,600 panes of glass
set in iron framing.
An early
shopping center in the United States was Country Club
Plaza
, which opened in 1924 in Kansas City,
Missouri
. Other important shopping centers built in
the 1920s and early 1930s are the Highland Park Village in Dallas
, Texas
; River Oaks
in Houston
, Texas; and Park and Shop in Washington,
D.C.
.
However, the concept of the fully-enclosed shopping mall did not
appear until the 1950s.
The idea was pioneered by the Austrian
-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen. This new generation,
that were eventually called malls, included Northgate
Mall
, built in north Seattle, Washington
, USA
in 1950,
Victor Gruen's Northland Shopping Center
built near Detroit, Michigan
, USA
in 1954,
and Gulfgate Mall in Houston were all
originally open-air pedestrian shopping centers that later were
enclosed as malls. The first enclosed, postwar shopping center
(or mall) was the Gruen-designed Southdale Center
, which opened in the Twin
Cities
suburb of Edina, Minnesota
, USA
in
1956. These malls moved retailing away from the dense,
commercial downtown into the largely residential suburbs. This
formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown,
and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build
retail across the world.
In the UK
, Chrisp
Street Market
was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a
road at the shop fronts.
Ala Moana
Center
in Honolulu
, Hawaii
is
currently the largest open-air mall in the world and was the
largest mall in the states when it was built in 1957. It is
currently the sixteenth largest in the country.
The Bergen Mall
, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in
Paramus
on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as master
of ceremonies. The mall, located just outside New York City
, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores and 8,600
parking spaces in a mall that would include a Stern's store and two
other department stores as part of the design. Allied's
chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced the Bergen Mall as
the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25
cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50
malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.
Largest shopping malls
Berjaya
Times Square
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
, is advertised at . Beijing's (Peking)
Golden
Resources Mall
, which opened in October 2004, is the world's
second largest mall, at . SM City
North EDSA in the Philippines
, which opened in November 1985, is the world's
third largest at of gross floor area, and SM Mall of
Asia
in the Philippines
, opened in May 2006, is the world's fourth largest
at of gross floor area.
Previously, the title of the largest
enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mall
in Edmonton, Alberta
, Canada
from
1986–2004. It is now the fifth largest mall.
Two of the largest
malls are in China, South China Mall
and Jin Yuan
. Dubai
Mall
is the largest mall in Middle East and Europe,
currently ranked seventh in the world. The current largest
shopping centre in Europe is the MetroCentre
near Newcastle upon Tyne
in the UK.
One of
the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the
two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia
and the Court at King of Prussia
in the Philadelphia
suburb of King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
, United
States
. The King of Prussia mall has the most
shopping per square foot in the U.S.
The most
visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United
States is the Mall of
America
, located near the Twin Cities
in Bloomington, Minnesota
. However, several Asian malls are advertised
as having more visitors, including Mal
Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall
and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta
-Indonesia, Berjaya Times Square
in Malaysia and SM Megamall
in the Philippines. The largest mall in
South Asia, and twelfth largest in the
world, is Bashundhara
City
in Dhaka
, Bangladesh
.
British usage
Mall can refer to either a shopping mall – a place where a
collection of
shops all
adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianised street
that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle
traffic.
Mall is generally used in North America to refer to a large shopping
area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple
shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores
surrounded by a parking lot, while the term arcade is more
often used, especially in Britain
, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often
covered or between closely spaced buildings (see town centre). A larger, often partly
covered and exclusively pedestrian shopping area is in Britain also
termed a
shopping centre,
shopping precinct, or
pedestrian precinct.
The majority of British shopping centres are in town centres,
usually inserted into old shopping districts and surrounded by
subsidiary open air shopping streets.
A number of large
out-of-town "regional malls" such as Meadowhall
, Sheffield
and the Trafford Centre
, Manchester
were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning
regulations prohibit the construction of any more.
Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on
retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with
individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the
development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.
The
MetroCentre
, in Gateshead
(near Newcastle upon Tyne
), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with
over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema, while the
Westfield
London
is the largest inner-city shopping centre in
Europe.
Classes of malls
In many cases, regional and super-regional malls exist as parts of
large superstructures which often also include office space,
residential space, amusement parks and so forth.
This trend can be
seen in the construction and design of many modern supermalls such
as Cevahir
Mall
in Turkey
.
The
International Council
of Shopping Centers' 1999 definitions were not restricted to
shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were
made specific to the U.S. with a separate set for Europe.
Regional malls
A
regional mall is, per the
International Council
of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall
which is designed to service a larger area than a conventional
shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with to
gross leasable area with at least two
anchors and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider
service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need
a larger area in order for their services to be profitable.
Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation
areas.
Super regional malls
A
super regional mall is, per the
International Council
of Shopping Centers, in the U.S. a shopping mall with over of
gross leasable area, and which serves as the dominant shopping
venue for the region in which it is located.
Outlet malls
An outlet mall (or outlet centre) is a type of shopping mall in
which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public
through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated
by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products,
often at heavily reduced prices.
Outlet stores were found as early as
1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, PA
didn't open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed
factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN
, a suburb of Memphis
.
Components
Food court
A common feature of shopping malls is a
food
court: this typically consists of a number of
fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a
shared seating area.
Department stores
When the shopping mall format was developed by
Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger
department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the
projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to
the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are
termed
anchor store or draw tenant.
Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even
receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. In physical
configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each
other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor
to another.
Dead malls
In the U.S, as more modern facilities are built, many early malls
have become abandoned, due to decreased traffic and tenancy. These
"dead malls" have failed to attract new business and often sit
unused for many years until restored or demolished. Interesting
examples of
architecture and
urban design, these structures often attract
people who explore and photograph them. This phenomenon of dead and
dying malls is examined in detail by the website
Deadmalls.com, which hosts many such
photographs, as well as historical accounts. Until the mid-1990s,
the trend was to build enclosed malls and to renovate older outdoor
malls into enclosed ones. Such malls had advantages such as
temperature control. Since then, the trend has turned and it is
once again fashionable to build open-air malls. According to the
International
Council of Shopping Centers, only one enclosed mall has been
built in the United States since 2006.
Some enclosed malls have been opened up, such as the
Sherman Oaks Galleria.
In addition, some
malls, when replacing an empty anchor location, have replaced the
former anchor store building with the more modern outdoor design,
leaving the remainder of the indoor mall intact, such as the
Del Amo
Fashion Center
in Torrance, California
.
New trends
In parts
of Canada
, it is now
rare for new shopping malls to be built. The Vaughan Mills
Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, and Crossiron
Mills
, opened in 2009, are the only malls built in Canada
since 1992. Outdoor
outlet malls
or
big box shopping areas known as
power centres are now favored, although the
traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in demand by those
seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping.
In
addition the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story
shopping malls continue to grow in the Underground city of Montreal
(32 kilometres of passageway), the PATH system of Toronto
( of passageway) and the Plus15
system of
Calgary
( of overhead passageway).
Vertical malls
High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the
"vertical mall," in which space allocated to retail is configured
over a number of stories accessible by
elevators and/or
escalators linking the different levels of the
mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural
tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to
move upwards and downwards.
The concept of a vertical mall was
originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former
shopping center development division of Marshall
Field & Co.
The Water Tower Place
skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois
, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail
Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and
office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an
eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the
Magnificent Mile.
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as
Hong Kong and Bangkok.
Times Square in Hong Kong
is a principal example.
A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents
building outward or there are other restrictions on construction,
such as historical buildings or significant
archeology.
The Darwin Shopping Centre
and associated malls in Shrewsbury
, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around
the former outer walls of the nearby medieval castle
; consequently the shopping centre is split over
seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by
elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some
establishments incorporate such design into their layout, such as
Shrewsbury's
McDonalds restaurant, split
into four stories with multiple
mezzanines which feature medieval
castle vaults – complete with
arrowslits –
in the basement dining rooms.
Shopping property management firms
- See also: :Category:Shopping
property management firms
A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes
in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property
management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar
naming scheme for most of their malls; for example,
Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of
their mall names and
SM Prime
Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of their malls, as
well as anchor stores such as SM Department Store, SM Appliance
Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket.
In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any centre
they buy to "The Mall (location)", using their pink-M
logo; when they sell a mall it reverts to its own name and
branding, such as the Ashley Centre
in Epsom
.
New towns
Many
new towns in the United Kingdom
– including Cumbernauld
, Glenrothes, East
Kilbride
, Milton
Keynes
, Washington, Tyne and Wear
, Newton
Aycliffe
and Telford
– did not incorporate a traditional style town
centre but instead developed a shopping centre. Unlike the
shopping centres which were developing in established towns and
cities, these also contained many civic functions and other
community facilities such as
libraries,
pubs and community centres. As the towns grew,
other facilities were usually developed around the centres,
effectively enlarging the town centres.
Legal issues
One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective
displacement of traditional
main
streets. Many consumers prefer malls, with their spacious
parking garages, entertaining environments, and private
security guards, over
downtown, which often suffers from limited parking,
poor maintenance, and limited
police
coverage.
In
response, a few jurisdictions, notably California
, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers
will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and
socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.
See
Pruneyard
Shopping Center v. Robins.
See also
Types of shopping facilities
Planning concepts
Lists of malls
References
- Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione,
(Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) ISBN 9780415191951.
-
http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=1ECD6468951B46F096FFA6234B100B3D
- "10 Shopping Centers Scheduled For Allied Stores Within 3
Years; Chain' s Chairman Gives Details of Biggest, 7 Miles From
George Washington Span, Where Stern Will Open Branch by '57: Store
Chain Plans Retail Centers", The New York Times, January 13,
1955. p. 37
- International Council of Shopping Centers
Shopping Center Definitions. Information Accurate as of 1999.
- International Council of Shopping Centers
Shopping Center Definitions for the U.S. Information accurate as of
2004. Retrieved Feb 20, 2007.
- University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1,
2007.
- Danny Chung, Reach for the sky, The Standard, December 09, 2005
- Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town
Walls
- Shrewsbury Shopping Centres store guide
(PDF)
- This Is Surrey Today
- Tony O'Donahue, The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the
Urban Environment (Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005), 43.
- Bernard J. Frieden & Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.:
How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989),
233.
- Judd, Dennis R. (1995) "The Rise of the New Walled Cities" in
Liggett, Helen and Perr, David C. (eds.), Spatial
Practices, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 144–168.
Further reading
- Hardwick, M. Jeffrey. Gruen
biography2004. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an
American Dream. University of Pennsylvania Press (ISBN
0-8122-3762-5).
- Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. [32647]2002. The Integration of the Suburban
Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center
(Dissertation)University of Washington.
External links