Asia is the world's largest
and most populous continent, located in
the eastern and northern
hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the
earth's total surface area (or 29.9% of its land area)
and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the
world's current
human
population.
Asia is
traditionally defined as part of the landmass of Eurasia — with
the western portion of the latter occupied by Europe — located to the east of the Suez Canal, east of the Ural Mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the
Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Given its size and diversity, Asia — a
toponym dating back to
classical antiquity — is more a
cultural concept incorporating a number of
regions and peoples than a
homogeneous physical entity"
Asia".
McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 2006. New York:
McGraw-Hill Inc. (see
Subregions
of Asia,
Asian
people).
The wealth of Asia differs very widely among and within
its regions, due to its vast size and huge
range of different cultures, environments, historical ties and
government systems.
In terms of nominal GDP, Japan has the
largest economy on the continent and the second largest in the
world. In purchasing power parity terms,
however, China has the largest economy in Asia and the third
largest in the world.
Etymology
The term
Asia is originally a concept exclusively of
Western civilization. The
peoples of ancient
Asia (Chinese, Japanese, Indians,
Persians, Arabs etc.) never conceived the idea of
Asia,
simply because they did not see themselves collectively. In their
perspective, they were vastly varied civilizations, contrary to
ancient European belief.
The word
Asia originated from the Greek word Ἀσία, first attributed to
Herodotus (ca. 440 BC) in reference to
Anatolia or — in describing the Persian Wars — to the
Persian Empire, in contrast to
Greece and Egypt.
Herodotus comments that he is puzzled as to why three women's names
are used to describe one enormous and substantial land mass
(
Europa,
Asia, and
Libya, referring to Africa), stating that
most Greeks assumed that Asia was named after the wife of
Prometheus (i.e.
Hesione), but that
the Lydians say it was named after Asias, son
of Cotys, who passed the name on to a tribe in Sardis. Even
before Herodotus,
Homer knew of two figures in
the
Trojan War named
Asios; and elsewhere he describes a marsh
as ασιος (Iliad 2, 461).
In actuality, he Greek name
Ἀσία was most probably derived
from
Assuwa, a 14th century BC confederation
of states in Western Anatolia. Hittite
assu- 'good' may be
an element in that name.
Usage of the term soon became common in ancient Greece, and
subsequently by the
ancient Romans.
Ancient and medieval European maps depict the Asian continent as a
"huge amorphous blob" extending eastward.
It was presumed in
antiquity to end with India — the
Macedonian king Alexander the Great believing he would
reach reach the "end of the world" upon his arrival in the
East.
Other alternatives
Alternatively, the
etymology of the term
may be from the
Akkadian word ,
which means 'to go outside' or 'to ascend', referring to the
direction of the
sun at sunrise in the
Middle East and also likely connected with the
Phoenician word
asa meaning east. This may be contrasted
to a similar etymology proposed for
Europe, as being from
Akkadian
erēbu(m) 'to enter' or 'set' (of the sun).
T.R. Reid supports this alternative etymology, noting that the
ancient Greek name must have derived from
asu, meaning
'east' in
Assyrian (
ereb for
Europe meaning 'west'). The terms/ideas of
occidental (form
Latin
Occidens 'setting') and
oriental (from Latin
Oriens for 'rising') are also European invention,
synonymous with
Western and
Eastern. He further
emphasizes that it explains the Western point of view of placing
all the peoples and cultures of Asia into a single classification,
almost as if there were a need for setting the distinction between
Western and
Eastern civilization on
the
Eurasian continent. Ogura Kazuo and
Tenshin Okakura are two Japanese outspoken figures over the
subject.
However,
this etymology is considered doubtful, because it does not explain
how the term "Asia" first came to be associated with Anatolia,
which is west of the Semitic-speaking areas, unless they
refer to the viewpoint of a Phoenician sailor sailing through the straits between the
Mediterranean
Sea and the Black Sea.
Definition and boundaries
Physical geography
- See also: Geography of
Asia, Countries
in both Asia and Europe,
Geographic criteria for the definition of Europe
Medieval
Europeans considered Asia as a
continent a distinct landmass.
The European concept of the three continents
in the Old World goes back to Classical Antiquity, but during the
Middle Ages was notably due to 7th century Spanish scholar Isidore of
Sevilla (see T and O map).
The
demarcation between Asia and Africa (to the southwest) is the
Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea. The boundary between Asia and Europe is
conventionally considered to run through the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian
Sea, the Ural River to its source and the
Ural Mountains to the Kara
Sea near Kara, Russia. While this interpretation
of tripartite continents (i.e., of Asia, Europe and Africa) remains
common in modernity, discovery of the extent of Africa and Asia
have made this definition somewhat anachronistic. This is
especially true in the case of Asia, which would have several
regions that would be considered
distinct landmasses if these criteria were used (for example,
Southern Asia and
Eastern Asia).
In the
far northeast of Asia, Siberia is separated from North America by the Bering Strait. Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean (specifically, from west to east, the Gulf of Aden, Arabian
Sea and Bay of
Bengal), on the east by the waters of the Pacific Ocean (including, counterclockwise, the South China
Sea, East
China Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of
Japan, Sea of
Okhotsk and Bering
Sea) and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Australia (or
Oceania) is to the southeast.
Some geographers do not consider Asia and Europe to be separate
continents, as there is no logical physical separation between
them. For example, Sir Barry Cunliffe, the emeritus professor of
European archeology at Oxford, argues that Europe has been
geographically and culturally merely “the western excrescence of
the continent of Asia.” Geographically, Asia is the major eastern
constituent of the continent of
Eurasia with
Europe being a northwestern
peninsula of
the landmass – or of
Afro-Eurasia:
geologically, Asia, Europe and Africa comprise a single continuous
landmass (save the Suez Canal) and share a common
continental shelf.
Almost all of Europe
and most of Asia sit atop the Eurasian
Plate, adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian
Plate and with the easternmost part of Siberia (east of the
Cherskiy
Range) on the North
American Plate.
In geography, there are two schools of thought. One school follows
historical convention and treats Europe and Asia as different
continents, categorizing
subregions within
them for more detailed analysis. The other school equates the word
"continent" with a geographical region when referring to Europe,
and use the term "region" to describe Asia in terms of
physiography. Since, in linguistic terms, "continent" implies a
distinct landmass, it is becoming increasingly common to substitute
the term "region" for "continent" to avoid the problem of
disambiguation altogether.
Given the scope and diversity of the landmass, it is sometimes not
even clear exactly what "Asia" consists of.
Some definitions
exclude Turkey, the Middle
East, Central Asia and Russia while
only considering the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian
subcontinent to compose Asia,World University Service of Canada.
Asia-WUSC WorldWide. 2006. October 7, 2006.
/www.wusc.ca/expertise/worldwide/asia/>. especially in the
United
States after World War
II. The term is sometimes used more strictly in
reference to the
Asia-Pacific region,
which does not include the Middle East or Russia,BBC News 2006.
September 9, 2006. /news.bbc.co.uk/>. but does include islands
in the Pacific Ocean—a number of which may also be considered part
of
Australasia or
Oceania, although Pacific Islanders are not
considered Asian.American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian.
1996. September 29, 2006.
/www.bartleby.com/64/C006/007.html>.
Political geography
Territories and regions
File:Location-Asia-UNsubregions orthographic
projection.png|Geographical
Subregions of
Asia:
File:United Nations geoscheme (Asia).svg|
UN geoscheme subregions of
Asia:
Name of region Continental
regions as per , except 12. Depending on definitions, various
territories cited below (notes 6, 11-13, 15, 17-19, 21-23) may be
in one or both of Asia and
Europe, Africa, or Oceania.
and
territory, with flag |
Area
(km²) |
Population
(1 July 2008 est.) |
Population
density
(per km²) |
Capital |
Central Asia: |
Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country
in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are
for Asian portion only.
|
2,724,927 |
15,666,533 |
5.7 |
Astana |
|
198,500 |
5,356,869 |
24.3 |
Bishkek |
|
143,100 |
7,211,884 |
47.0 |
Dushanbe |
|
488,100 |
5,179,573 |
9.6 |
Ashgabat |
|
447,400 |
28,268,441 |
57.1 |
Tashkent |
Eastern Asia: |
The state "People's Republic of China" is commonly known as simply "China", which is
subsumed by the eponymous
entity and civilization . Figures
given are for mainland China only,
and do not include Hong
Kong, Macau and
Taiwan.
|
9,584,492 |
1,322,044,605 |
134.0 |
Beijing |
Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region
(SAR) of the People's Republic of China.
|
1,092 |
7,008,300 |
6,417.9 |
— |
Macau is a
Special Administrative
Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China.
|
25 |
460,823 |
18,473.3 |
— |
|
377,835 |
127,288,628 |
336.1 |
Tokyo |
Figures are for the area under the de facto control of
the Republic of
China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in
whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
|
35,980 |
22,920,946 |
626.7 |
Taipei |
|
120,540 |
23,479,095 |
184.4 |
Pyongyang |
|
98,480 |
49,232,844 |
490.7 |
Seoul |
|
1,565,000 |
2,996,082 |
1.7 |
Ulaan Baatar |
Northern Asia: |
Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern
Europe and Northern Asia; population and area figures are for the
entire state.
|
17,075,400 |
142,200,000 |
26.8 |
Moscow |
Southeastern Asia:Excludes Christmas
Island and Cocos Islands (Australian external
territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia).
|
|
5,770 |
381,371 |
66.1 |
Bandar Seri Begawan |
|
676,578 |
47,758,224 |
70.3 |
Naypyidaw |
|
181,035 |
13,388,910 |
74 |
Phnom
Penh |
East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in
Southeastern Asia and Oceania.
|
15,007 |
1,108,777 |
73.8 |
Dili |
Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in
Southeastern Asia and Oceania; figures do
not include Irian
Jaya and Maluku Islands, frequently reckoned in Oceania (Melanesia/Australasia).
|
1,919,440 |
230,512,000 |
120.1 |
Jakarta |
|
236,800 |
6,677,534 |
28.2 |
Vientiane |
|
329,847 |
27,780,000 |
84.2 |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
300,000 |
92,681,453 |
308.9 |
Manila |
|
704 |
4,608,167 |
6,545.7 |
Singapore |
|
514,000 |
65,493,298 |
127.4 |
Bangkok(Krung Thep Mahanakhon) |
|
331,690 |
86,116,559 |
259.6 |
Hanoi |
Southern Asia: |
|
647,500 |
32,738,775 |
42.9 |
Kabul |
|
147,570 |
153,546,901 |
1040.5 |
Dhaka |
|
38,394 |
682,321 |
17.8 |
Thimphu |
Includes Jammu and
Kashmir, a contested territory among India, Pakistan, and the PRC.
|
3,287,263 |
1,147,995,226 |
349.2 |
New
Delhi |
|
300 |
379,174 |
1,263.3 |
Malé |
|
147,181 |
29,519,114 |
200.5 |
Kathmandu |
|
803,940 |
167,762,049 |
208.7 |
Islamabad |
|
65,610 |
21,128,773 |
322.0 |
Sri
Jayawardenapura-Kotte |
Western Asia: |
Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country:
physiographically in Western Asia, it
has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
|
|
|
|
Yerevan |
Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in
Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are
for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan, an autonomous exclave of
Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran and
Turkey.
|
46,870 |
3,845,127 |
82.0 |
Baku |
|
665 |
718,306 |
987.1 |
Manama |
The island of Cyprus is
sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern
Basin of the Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey, it has
historical and socio-political connections with Europe. However,
the U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western
Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in
the Middle East.
|
9,250 |
792,604 |
83.9 |
Nicosia |
Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in
Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are
for Asian portion only.
|
|
|
|
Tbilisi |
|
437,072 |
28,221,181 |
54.9 |
Baghdad |
|
1,648,195 |
70,472,846 |
42.8 |
Tehran |
|
20,770 |
7,112,359 |
290.3 |
Jerusalem |
|
92,300 |
6,198,677 |
57.5 |
Amman |
|
17,820 |
2,596,561 |
118.5 |
Kuwait City |
|
10,452 |
3,971,941 |
353.6 |
Beirut |
|
212,460 |
3,311,640 |
12.8 |
Muscat |
|
6,257 |
4,277,000 |
683.5 |
Ramallah |
|
11,437 |
928,635 |
69.4 |
Doha |
|
1,960,582 |
23,513,330 |
12.0 |
Riyadh |
|
185,180 |
19,747,586 |
92.6 |
Damascus |
Turkey is
generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and
Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion
only, excluding all of Istanbul.
|
|
|
|
Ankara |
|
82,880 |
4,621,399 |
29.5 |
Abu
Dhabi |
|
527,970 |
23,013,376 |
35.4 |
Sanaá |
Total |
43,810,582 |
4,162,966,086 |
89.07 |
- Note: Part of Egypt (Sinai
Peninsula) is geographically in Western Asia
Country name changes
Various Asian countries have undergone name changes during the
previous century as the result of consolidations,
secessions, territories gaining
sovereignty and
regime
changes.
Previous Name |
Year |
Current Name |
Dominion of India,
formerly British India |
1950 |
Republic of India |
East Bengal province |
1905-1911 and 1947-1955
1955-1971
1971 |
East Pakistan
state
Bangladesh, People's Republic of |
Democratic Kampuchea |
1975 |
Cambodia, Kingdom of |
Empire of Great Qing of
China |
1912
1949 |
China, Republic of
China, People's Republic of |
Portuguese Timor |
1975
2002 |
Timor Timur (province of Indonesia)
East
Timor, Democratic Republic of |
Dutch East Indies |
1949 |
Indonesia, Republic of |
Persia |
1935
1979 |
Iran,
Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Transjordan |
1946 |
Jordan, Kingdom of |
Kirghiz SSR (USSR) |
1991 |
Kyrgyzstan, Republic |
Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |
1963
1965 |
Malaysia (including Singapore)
Malaysia and Singapore |
Burma |
1989 |
Myanmar, Union of |
Muscat |
1971 |
Oman, Sultanate
of |
Dominion of Pakistan |
1947-1956
1956-1970
1971 |
West Pakistan,
Islamic State of
Pakistan, Islamic Republic of |
Islas de
San Lorenzo, Spanish East
Indies, Philippine Islands and Las Islas Filipinas |
1965 |
Philippines, Republic of the |
Hejaz-Nejd, The
Kingdom of |
1932 |
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of |
Aden |
1970 |
South Yemen, People's Republic
of |
Ceylon |
1972 |
Sri
Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of |
Tajik SSR (USSR) |
1991 |
Tajikistan, Republic of |
Siam |
1939 |
Thailand, Kingdom of |
Ottoman Empire |
1923 |
Turkey, Republic of |
Turkmen SSR (USSR) |
1991 |
Turkmenistan |
Trucial Oman and Trucial States |
1971 |
United Arab Emirates |
French Indo-China |
1949 |
Cambodia, Laos and
Vietnam |
Yemen, People's Democratic and Southern Yemen |
1990 |
Yemen, Republic of |
Economy
Economy of Asia
During 2003 unless otherwise stated
Population: |
4,162,966,086 (2006 Estimate) |
GDP (PPP): |
US$18.077 trillion |
GDP (Currency): |
$8.782 trillion |
GDP/capita (PPP): |
$4,518 |
GDP/capita (Currency): |
$2,143 |
Millionaires: |
2.0 million (0.05%) |
Most numbers are from the
UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain
countries for lack of information. |
|
Asia has the third largest
nominal GDP of all
continents, after North America and Europe, but the largest when
measured in
PPP.
As of
2007, the largest national economy within Asia, in terms of
gross domestic product (GDP),
is that of China followed by
that of Japan, India, South Korea and Indonesia. However, in nominal (exchange value) terms,
they rank as follows: Japan, China, India, South Korea, Saudi
Arabia, Taiwan, Indonesia. Since the 1960s, South Korea had
maintained the highest economic growth rate in Asia, nicknamed as
an
Asian tiger, becoming a
newly industrialized
country in the 1980s and a
developed country by the 21st century. In
the late 1990s and early 2000s, the economies of the PRC and India
have been growing rapidly, both with an average annual growth rate
of more than 8%.
Other recent very high growth nations in
Asia include Malaysia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Vietnam, Mongolia, Uzbekistan and mineral-rich nations such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, Bahrain and Oman.
China was the
largest and most advanced economy on earth for much of recorded
history, until the British Empire
(excluding India) overtook it in the
mid 19th century. Japan has had for only several dacades
after WW2 the largest economy in Asia and second-largest of any
single nation in the world, after surpassing the Soviet
Union (measured in net material product) in 1986 and
Germany in 1968. (NB: A number of supernational economies
are larger, such as the
European
Union (EU), the
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) or
APEC). In the late
1980s and early 1990s, Japan's GDP was almost as large (current
exchange rate method) as that of the rest of Asia combined. In
1995, Japan's economy nearly equalled that of the USA to tie as the
largest economy in the world for a day, after the Japanese currency
reached a record high of 79
yen/
dollar. Economic
growth in Asia since
World War II to
the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four
regions of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore located in
the
Pacific Rim, known as the
Asian tigers, which have now all received
developed country status, having the highest
GDP per capita in Asia.
It is
forecasted that the People's Republic of China will surpass Japan to have the
largest nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP in Asia within a
decade. India is also
forecast to overtake Japan in terms of Nominal GDP by 2020.
In terms of GDP per capita, both nominal and PPP-adjusted, South
Korea will become the second wealthiest country in Asia by 2025,
overtaking Germany, the United Kingdom and France. By 2050,
according to a 2006 report by Price Waterhouse Cooper, China will
have the largest economy in the world (43% greater than the United
States when PPP adjusted, although perhaps smaller than the United
States in nominal terms).
Trade blocs
Natural resources
Asia is the largest continent in the
world by
a considerable margin, and it is rich in natural resources, such as
petroleum,
forests,
fish, water, rice, copper and silver.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing in Asia has traditionally
been strongest in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in mainland
China, Taiwan, South
Korea, Japan, India , Philippines and Singapore. Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in the area of multinational corporations, but
increasingly mainland China, and
India are making
significant inroads. Many companies from Europe, North
America, South Korea and Japan have operations in Asia's developing
countries to take advantage of its abundant supply of cheap labour
and relatively developed infrastructure.
Financial and other services
Asia has
four main financial centres: Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai.
Call centres and
business process outsourcing
(BPOs) are becoming major employers in India and the Philippines
due to the availability of a large pool of highly-skilled,
English-speaking workers. The increased use
of
outsourcing has assisted the rise of
India and the China as financial centres. Due to its large and
extremely competitive
information
technology industry, India has become a major hub for
outsourcing.
Early history
Map of Asia, 1892.
The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of
several peripheral coastal regions:
East
Asia,
South Asia,
Southeast Asia and the
Middle East, linked by the interior mass of the
Central Asian steppes.
The coastal periphery was home to some of the world's earliest
known civilizations, each of them developing around fertile river
valleys.
The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and the Huanghe shared
many similarities. These civilizations may well have
exchanged technologies and ideas such as
mathematics and the wheel. Other innovations,
such as writing, seem to have been developed individually in each
area. Cities, states and empires developed in these lowlands.
The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse-mounted
nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes. The
earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the
Indo-Europeans, who spread
their languages into the Middle East, South Asia, and the borders
of China, where the
Tocharians resided.
The
northernmost part of Asia, including much of Siberia, was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads,
owing to the dense forests, climate and tundra. These areas remained very sparsely
populated.
The center and the peripheries were mostly kept separated by
mountains and deserts.
The Caucasus and
Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi
deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only
with difficulty. While the urban city dwellers were more
advanced technologically and socially, in many cases they could do
little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of
the steppe. However, the lowlands did not have enough open
grasslands to support a large horsebound force; for this and other
reasons, the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the
Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local, more
affluent societies.
Languages and literature
Asia is home to several
language
families and many
language
isolates. Most Asian countries have more than one language that
is natively spoken. For instance, according to
Ethnologue, more than 600 languages are spoken in
Indonesia, more than 800 languages spoken in India and more than
100 are spoken in the Philippines. China has many languages and
dialects in different provinces.
Nobel prizes
Rabindranath Tagore
Sir C.V.Raman
The
polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist, and writer from Santiniketan, now in West Bengal, India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate. He won his
Nobel Prize in Literature for
notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on
English,
French, and other national literatures of
Europe and the
Americas. He is also the
writer of the national anthems of Bangladesh and India.
Tagore is said to have named another Bengali Indian Nobel prize
winner, the 1998 laureate in Economics,
Amartya Sen. Sen's work has centered around
global issues including famine, welfare, and third-world
development. Amartya Sen was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
University, UK, from 1998-2004, becoming the first Asian to head an
'Oxbridge' College.
Other Asian writers who won Nobel Prizes include
Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1966),
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan, 1994),
Gao Xingjian (People's Republic of China, 2000)
and
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey, 2006).
Also,
Mother Teresa of India and
Shirin Ebadi of Iran were awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize for their significant and pioneering efforts for
democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and
children. Ebadi is the first Iranian and the first Muslim woman to
receive the prize.
Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is
Aung San Suu Kyi from Burma for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a
military dictatorship in Burma. She is a nonviolent
pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for
Democracy in Burma(Myanmar) and a noted prisoner of conscience. She
is a
Buddhist and was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1991.
Sir
C.V.Raman is the first Asian to get
a Nobel prize in Sciences. He won the
Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work
on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the
effect named after him".
Other
Asian Nobel Prize winners include Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,
Abdus Salam, Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Robert Aumann, Menachem Begin, Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Daniel Kahneman, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak
Rabin, Yaser Arafat, Jose Ramos Horta and Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo of
Timor
Leste, Kim Dae-jung, and
thirteen Japanese scientists.
Most of
the said awardees are from Japan and Israel except for Chandrasekhar and Raman (India), Salam
(Pakistan), Arafat (Palestinian Territories) and Kim (South
Korea).
In 2006, Dr.
Muhammad Yunus of
Bangladesh was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the establishment
of
Grameen Bank, a community
development bank that lends money to poor people, especially women
in Bangladesh. Dr. Yunus received his Ph.D. in economics from
Vanderbilt University, United States. He is internationally known
for the concept of micro credit which allows poor and destitutes
with little or no collateral to borrow money. The borrowers
typically pay back money within the specified period and the
incidence of default is very low.
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and
political career.[129] On 22 June 2006, he became one of only four
people ever to be recognized with Honorary Citizenship by the
Governor General of Canada. On 28 May 2005, he received the
Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United
Kingdom. Most notable was the Nobel Peace Prize, presented in Oslo
on 10 December 1989
Beliefs
Mythology
Asian mythology is complex and diverse. The story of the Great
Flood for example, as presented to Christians in the Old Testament,
is first found in
Mesopotamian
mythology, in the
Epic of
Gilgamesh.
Hindu mythology
tells about an
avatar of the
God Vishnu in the form of a
fish who warned
Manu
of a terrible flood. In ancient
Chinese mythology,
Shan Hai Jing, the Chinese ruler
Da Yu, had to spend 10 years to
control a deluge which swept out most of ancient China and was
aided by the goddess
Nüwa who literally
fixed the broken sky through which huge rains were pouring.
Religions
Almost all Asian religions have philosophical character and Asian
philosophical traditions cover a large spectrum of philosophical
thoughts and writings.
Indian
philosophy includes
Hindu
philosophy and
Buddhist
philosophy. They include elements of nonmaterial pursuits,
whereas another school of thought from India,
Cārvāka, preached the enjoyment of
material world.
Christianity is also
present in most Asian countries.
Abrahamic
The
Abrahamic religions of
Judaism,
Christianity and
Islam
originated in
West Asia. Judaism, the
oldest of the Abrahamic faiths, is practiced primarily in Israel
(which has the world's largest
Jewish
population) , though small communities exist in other countries,
such as the
Bene Israel in India.
In the
Philippines and East
Timor, Roman
Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by
the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In Armenia, Georgia and Russia Eastern Orthodoxy
is the predominant religion. Various
Christian denomination have adherents in
portions of the Middle East, as well as China and India. The
world's largest Muslim community (within the bounds of one nation)
is in Indonesia.
South Asia
(mainly Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) holds 30% of Muslims. There are also
significant Muslim populations in China, Iran, Malaysia, southern Philippines (Mindanao), Russia and most of West Asia and Central Asia.
Dharmic & Taoist
The
religions of
Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Jainism and
Sikhism
originated in India, South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in
China and Japan,
Confucianism,
Taoism and
Zen Buddhism took
shape.
See also
References
- " Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica.
2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- "Europe" (pp. 68-9); "Asia" (pp. 90-1): "A commonly accepted
division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural
Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the
Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
- Reid, T.R. Confucius Lives Next Door: What living in the
East teaches us about living in the west Vintage
Books(1999).
- " Asia." MSN
Encarta Encyclopedia. 2007. Archived
2009-10-31.
- Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians Their Evolving
Heritage, 6th ed., p. 21. New York: Harper & Row
Publishers, 1984. ISBN 0-06-047001-1.
- Menon, Sridevi. Duke University. "Where is West Asia in Asian
America?Asia and the Politics of Space in Asian America." 2004.
April 26, 2007. page 71 [1]
- The administrative capital of Burma was officially
moved from Yangon to a
militarised greenfield just west of Pyinmana on 6 November 2005.
- General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 -
Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning, released 3rd September, 2008
- In 1980, Jerusalem was proclaimed Israel's united capital,
following its annexation of Arab-dominant East Jerusalem during
the 1967 Six-Day
War. The United Nations and many countries do not
recognize this claim, with most countries maintaining embassies in
Tel Aviv instead.
- Five Years of China's WTO Membership. EU and US
Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments
and the Transitional Review Mechanism, Legal Issues of Economic
Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp.
263-304, 2006. by Paolo Farah
- Professor M.D. Nalapat. Ensuring China's "Peaceful Rise".
Accessed January 30, 2008.
- Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the
Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development
Studies. World Bank Publications. Accessed January 30,
2008.
- The Real Great Leap Forward. The Economist. Sept
30, 2004
- Chris Patten. Financial Times. Comment
& Analysis: Why Europe is getting China so wrong. Accessed
January 30, 2008.
- Rise
of Japan and 4 Asian Tigers from emergingdragon.com
Further reading
Reference works
- Higham, Charles. Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian
Civilizations. Facts on File library of world history. New
York: Facts On File, 2004.
- Kapadia, Feroz, and Mandira Mukherjee. Encyclopaedia of
Asian Culture and Society. New Delhi: Anmol Publications,
1999.
- Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of
Modern Asia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002.
- Kamal,Niraj. "Arise Asia: Respond to White Peril". New
Delhi:Wordsmith,2002, ISBN 81-87412-08-9
External links