The
Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to
Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500 or
sometimes known simply as The 500, is an American automobile race, held
annually over the Memorial Day weekend
at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. The event lends its name to the
IndyCar class, or
formula, of
open-wheel race cars that have competed in
it.
The event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is one of
the oldest
motorsport events, and is
considered one of the
three
most significant motor racing events in the world. While the
official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, with a
permanent
seating capacity for more
than 257,000 people and infield seating that raises capacity
further to an approximate 400,000, it is the largest single-day
sporting event in the world.
The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by
the
Indianapolis Motor
Speedway Radio Network since 1953.
It was televised live
from 1949-1950 on WFBM-TV.
During parts of the 1960s and '70s the race was broadcast on
closed-circuit TV for viewing in theaters and sports venues. From
1965-1985, ABC Sports, now known as
ESPN on
ABC, broadcast the race via tape delay. Since 1986, ABC has
televised the race live in its entirety (although live coverage is
blacked out in
the
Indianapolis market). In
2007, the race was first broadcast in
HD.
The
93rd running
was held on Sunday May 24, 2009, marking the 64
th
consecutive year of uninterrupted occurrence.
History
The early years
The
Indianapolis
Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track
and hosted a smattering of small events before the promoters
decided to focus on just one major event. The track was then
paved with 3.2 million bricks, urged by principal owner
Carl G. Fisher
after several deaths related to the unsteady racing surface. The
creation of a 500 mile (805 km) race allowed the track to
rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races. The
first "500" was held at the
Speedway on
Memorial Day, May 30, 1911,
with
Ray Harroun piloting a
Marmon "Wasp" — outfitted with his invention, the
rear view mirror. Harroun was
declared the winner, although
Ralph
Mulford protested the official result. 80,200 spectators paid
$1 admission, and an annual tradition had been established. Many
considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the
only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who
checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was
coming.
Although
the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an
American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles
to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919.
However, after
World War I, the native
drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race,
with the engineer
Harry Arminius
Miller setting himself up as the most competitive of the
post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be
indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into
the mid-1970s.
Miller and Offenhauser
In the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³)
engine, inspired by the
Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been
serviced in his shop by
Fred
Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in
Jimmy Murphy's
Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922
edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which
shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by
supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³)
engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to
1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines
then won another seven races until 1938 (again two of them, 1930
and 1932, in Miller-designated chassis), then ran at first with
stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international
3.0 liter formula.
However, in 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and
Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the
soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder
Offenhauser or "Offy" engine. This motor was
forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date
record total of 27 wins, in both naturally-aspirated and
supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18
consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.
Race name
The race was originally advertised as the "International 500-Mile
Sweepstakes Race" from 1911-1916. However, from the start the race
was known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as the
"500."
In 1919, the race was referred to as the "Liberty Sweepstakes"
following
WWI. From 1920-1980, the race
reverted to the "International Sweepstakes" name, or slight
variations such as "International Sweepstakes Race, Distance 500
Miles." Following
WWII, the race was
commonly recognized as "The 500", The 500-Mile Race," "Indianapolis
500," or "Indy 500," and usually the
ordinal (e.g. "50th") preceded it. Often the
race was also advertised on the radio as the "Annual Memorial Day
race," or similar variations.
For the
1981 race, the name
"65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race" was officially adopted, with all
references as the "International Sweepstakes" dropped. Since 1981,
the race has been advertised in this fashion, complete with a
unique annual logo and the ordinal always included. Around that
same time, in the wake of the
1979
race entry controversy, and the formation of
CART, the race changed to an invitational event,
rather than an
Open, rendering the
"
sweepstakes" description invalid.
The
Borg-Warner Trophy,
introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as the "Indianapolis
500-Mile Race," with no reference at all to the name "International
Sweepstakes."
Female Drivers
There have been five female drivers to compete:
Janet Guthrie,
Lyn
St. James,
Sarah Fisher,
Danica Patrick and
Milka Duno. Guthrie first competed in the race in
1977 and made three total starts. St. James competed in seven Indy
500's with her first occurring in 1992. Fisher has competed in
eight (the most for any female) Indy 500's with her first in 2000.
Patrick has competed in five Indy 500's with her first occurring in
2005. Duno has comepted in three Indy 500's with her first
occurring in 2007. St. James and Fisher competed in the 2000 race
together, the first time two women had competed in the race
together. Fisher, Patrick and Duno all competed in the 2007, 2008
and 2009 races together; the 2007 race was the first time three
women had competed together
Centennial Era
In 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year long
"Centennial Era" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening
of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the
first Indy 500 (1911). As a gesture to
the nostalgic
Centennial Era celebration (2009-2011),
tickets for the
2009 race
donned the monikor "93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes." It is
the first time since 1980 that the "Sweepstakes" title has been
used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used
very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not
identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print,
television, and radio, the race was referred to as the "2009
Indianapolis 500." Since the race was not held during WWI and WWII,
the advertised Centennial Era will occur during the 93rd/94th/95th
runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the
actual number of times the race has been run, references to the
ordinal during the
Centennial Era are being
curtailed.
European incursions
In the
meantime, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500
for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CM allowing
Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver
to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1941. With the 500 having
been a part of the Formula One World
Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a
discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few
and far between during those days.
In fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the
Formula One calendar European entries made their return, with
Australian Jack
Brabham driving his slightly modified F1
Cooper in the 1961 race. In 1963,
technical innovator
Colin Chapman
brought his
Team Lotus to Indianapolis
for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far
bigger than the usual at a European event.
Racing a mid-engined
car, Scotsman Jim Clark
was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until
suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating
the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of
the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the
race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win,
this time
Graham Hill in a
Lola-
Ford.
Offenhauser too would join forces with a
European maker, McLaren, obtaining
three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue, and two for the McLaren works
team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny
Rutherford. This was also the last time the Offy would
win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final
appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority
of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European
technology had taken over.
Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines
were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during
the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer
(which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively.
Ford and
Chevrolet engines were built in
the UK by
Cosworth and
Ilmor, respectively.
World Series
After foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers started showing
up at the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United
States as their primary base for their motor racing activities.
Brazilian
Emerson Fittipaldi,
Italian
Teo Fabi and Colombian
Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good
outings in the 80s. However, it wasn't until 1993 that reigning
Formula One World Champion
Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by
moving to the United States, winning the
CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing
the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag
restarts. Foreign-born or, at least, -bred drivers became a regular
fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow.
Race sanctioning
AAA and USAC
From 1911–1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the
AAA.
Following the
1955 Le Mans
disaster, AAA ceased its auto racing division to concentrate
on its membership program aimed at the general motoring
public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over
sanctioning of the race and the sport of Indy car
racing.
From 1950–1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the
World
Driving Championship (now synonymous with
Formula One), although few drivers participated
in the other races of that series.
Control issues of monetary prizes and regulation amendments caused
conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977,
and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978
plane crash, several key team owners banded
together and formed
CART in late 1978 to
sanction the sport of
Indy car racing.
The Indy 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning
control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still
sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races to
concentrate on
sprints and
midgets. For the next three years,
the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but
the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an
agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be reflected
on the
CART calendar, and CART points were
awarded towards the championship.
Despite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983–1994 the race was run in
relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarrelled over
relatively minor technical regulations.
Indy Racing League
In 1994, Speedway owner
Tony George
announced plans for a new series, to be called the
Indy Racing League. The Indy 500 would
serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with
his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status
within
CART, the increasing number of
foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitiating towards
NASCAR), and the decreasing number of
ovals in the season series.
Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using
the race as leverage to gain control of the sport of
open wheel racing.
In 1995, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at
the
1996 Indy 500 would be
reserved for the top 25 cars in
IRL points standings (similar in practice
to
NASCAR's Top
35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only
eight starting positions open to the
CART-regulars. CART's reaction was to
boycott the race, and they staged a competing event,
the
U.S. 500, on
the same day. Veteran
Buddy Lazier, won
a competitive but crash-filled
1996 Indy 500. The U.S. 500 was marred
by a massive opening lap pileup. The competing U.S. 500 failed to
establish itself as a major event, and was cancelled after only one
running.
For 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and "production based"
engines were put into place. The move made it such that the
IRL and
CART utilized different and incompatible
equipment. No CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the
next three years.
In 2000,
Target Chip Ganassi
Racing, still a
CART-mainstay, made
the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with
drivers
Jimmy Vasser and
Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya
dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory. In
2001,
Penske Racing returned, and won
the race with driver
Hélio
Castroneves.
By 2003,
Ganassi,
Penske and
Andretti Green all defected to the
IRL permanently. CART went
bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were
purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the
Champ Car World Series. The two series continued
to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series
were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a
12-year split.
NASCAR drivers in the 500
From
1994–2004, several NASCAR drivers were able
to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Lowe's Motor
Speedway in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola
600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500.
The effort has been known as "Double Duty."
At the
conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter
directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis
International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord
Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race.
John Andretti,
Tony Stewart, and
Robby
Gordon, attempted the feat. In 2001,
Tony Stewart became the first and only driver
to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on
the same day.
For 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m.
EDT to improve television
ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be
able to race both events in the same day.
Two drivers,
Mario Andretti and
A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and have also
won NASCAR's premiere event, the
Daytona
500.
Technical regulations
Technical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently
specified by the Indy Racing League. Rules are the same as every
other IRL IndyCar race except for special low-drag adjustable
"Speedway" wings that are only used for the Indy 500. In the past,
especially during the years when USAC sanctioned the race but CART
was the dominant sanctioning body, rules between the race and the
sanctioning body differed at times, resulting in chassis and
engines being legal for Indy, yet not being legal for other events
that season. The most famous manifestation of that disparity was
the
Ilmor-built
Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by
Roger Penske in
1994.
Teams may enter up to two cars on a given car number. The second
"backup" car is given that number followed by a "T". For example
the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both
cars may be practiced during the month, or even simultaneously.
Additionally, as the month wears on a "T car" may be split off into
its own entry with another number or sold to another team who may
have lost its primary car and does not have a backup.
All cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving
a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Prior to
and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another
inspection. The first inspection is focused on safety aspects while
the second is largely to detect deviations from the performance
guidelines set forth by the league.
Qualifying procedure
For more information, see Indianapolis 500
pole-sitters
Throughout the years the race has used a number of qualifying
procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was
first introduced in 1920, and has been used each year since 1939.
For most of the post war era, each car, regardless of driver, was
allotted three qualifying attempts to make the traditional field of
33.
Drivers line up by speed rank in the order of the day they
qualified. Currently, four days of time trials are used: the
Saturday & Sunday two weeks before the race, and the Saturday
& Sunday one week before the race. The fastest qualifier on the
first day of time trials (nicknamed "Pole day") wins the
pole position. The
polesitter at Indianapolis is held in high prestige and is normally
determined 15 days before the race. Drivers who qualify on the
second day of time trials line up behind the first-day qualifiers.
Third day qualifiers line up behind the second day qualifiers,
followed by the fourth day (nicknamed "Bump day") qualifiers. Once
the field is filled to 33, the slowest car, regardless of the day
it qualified, is "on the bubble." If another car qualifies faster,
he/she will bump the slowest driver out of the field.
Since 2005, the four days of qualifying have been split up to
generate bumping on all four days:
- On pole day, positions 1-11 are open for qualifying
- On the second day, positions 12-22 are open for qualifying
- On the third day, positions 23-33 are open for qualifying
- On bump day, bumping begins immediately once the field is
filled to 33 cars.
Culture
An IndyCar on the Indiana state
quarter
Memorabilia
Many people promote and share information about the Indy 500 and
its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club
is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to
support such activities. The organization was established January
1, 1985 in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an
experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy
500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.
Entertainment
The Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films, and has
experienced countless references in television, movies, and other
media.
Indianapolis 500
Legends, a
Wii and
DS game based on the race was released on
December 18, 2007
See main article: Indianapolis 500 in film and
media
Milk
Louis Meyer requested a glass of
buttermilk after winning his second Indy
500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he
requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was
captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle
while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local
dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the
image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking
buttermilk,
offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has
been presented each year since then apart from 1947-1955. Modern
drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.
See also
References
Further reading
Indy: The Race and Ritual of the Indianapolis 500, Second
Edition, Terry Reed, 2005
External links