Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update
Javier Díaz-Giménez,
Andrew Glover, and
José-Víctor Ríos-Rull
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Measurement with Minimal Theory
Ellen R. McGrattan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Asset Prices, Liquidity, and Monetary Policy in the Search Theory of Money
Ricardo Lagos
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
If Exchange Rates Are Random Walks, Then Almost Everything We Say About Monetary Policy Is Wrong
Fernando Alvarez,
Andrew Atkeson, and
Patrick J. Kehoe
Reprinted From: AEA Papers and Proceedings
(Vol. 97, May 2007, pp. 339-345)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Back to the Future with Keynes
Lee E. Ohanian
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
On the Needed Quantity of Government Debt
Kathryn Birkeland and
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Modeling Great Depressions: The Depression in Finland in the 1990s
Juan Carlos Conesa,
Timothy J. Kehoe, and
Kim J. Ruhl
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Latin America in the Rearview Mirror
Harold L. Cole,
Lee E. Ohanian,
Alvaro Riascos, and
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
Reprinted From: Journal of Monetary Economics
(Vol. 52, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 69-107)
[Article not available on-line]
Early State Banks in the United States: How Many Were There and Where Did They Exist?
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Economic History
(Vol. 66, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 433-455)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Introduction to “Models of Monetary Economies II: The Next Generation”
Randall Wright
Reprinted From: International Economic Review
(Vol. 46, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 305-316)
[Article not available on-line]
Optimal Monetary Policy: What We Know and What We Don’t Know
Narayana Kocherlakota
Reprinted From: International Economic Review
(Vol. 46, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 715-729)
[Article not available on-line]
Avoiding Significant Monetary Policy Mistakes
Preston J. Miller and
Gary H. Stern
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Evolution of U.S. Earnings Inequality: 1961–2002
Zvi Eckstein and
Éva Nagypál
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Do Americans Work So Much More Than Europeans?
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Changes in Hours Worked, 1950–2000
Ellen R. McGrattan and
Richard Rogerson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Interbank Payments Relationships in the Antebellum United States: Evidence From Pennsylvania
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Monetary Economics
(Vol. 50, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 455-474)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How Severe is the Time-Inconsistency Problem in Monetary Policy?
Stefania Albanesi,
V. V. Chari, and
Lawrence J. Christiano
Reprinted From: Advances in economics and econometrics: Theory and applications
(Vol. 3, 2003, pp. 123-150)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Accounting for the Great Depression
V. V. Chari,
Patrick J. Kehoe, and
Ellen R. McGrattan
Reprinted From: American Economic Review
(Vol. 92, No. 2, May 2002, pp. 22-27)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Competitive Pressure and Labor Productivity: World Iron Ore Markets in the 1980s
Jose E. Galdon-Sanchez and
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
Reprinted From: American Economic Review
(Vol. 92, No. 4, September 2002, pp. 1222-1235)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Sticky Prices and Monetary Policy Shocks
Mark Bils,
Peter J. Klenow, and
Oleksiy Kryvtsov
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Measuring Consumption Growth: The Impact of New and Better Products
Peter J. Klenow
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money and Inflation in Colonial Massachusetts
Bruce D. Smith
Originally published in Quarterly Review Winter 1984
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Relationship Between Money and Prices: Some Historical Evidence Reconsidered
Bruce D. Smith
Originally published in Quarterly Review Summer 1988
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Lessons From a Laissez-Faire Payments
System: The Suffolk Banking System (1825-58)
Arthur J. Rolnick,
Bruce D. Smith, and
Warren E. Weber
Originally published in Quarterly Review Summer 1998
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Published Work of Bruce D. Smith
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Updated Facts on the U.S. Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth
Javier Díaz-Giménez,
Vincenzo Quadrini,
José-Víctor Ríos-Rull, and
Santiago Budría Rodríguez
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Inequality and Fairness
Christopher Phelan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Did Productivity Fall So Much During the Great Depression?
Lee E. Ohanian
Reprinted From: American Economic Review
(Vol. 91, No. 2, May 2001, pp. 34-38)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Decades Lost and Found: Mexico and Chile Since 1980
Raphael Bergoeing,
Patrick J. Kehoe,
Timothy J. Kehoe, and
Raimundo Soto
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money and Interest Rates
Cyril Monnet and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Monetary Facts
George T. McCandless Jr. and
Warren E. Weber
Originally published in Quarterly Review Summer 1995
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Dollarization and the Conquest of Hyperinflation in Divided Societies
Russell Cooper and
Hubert Kempf
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Looking for Evidence of Time-Inconsistent Preferences in Asset Market Data
Narayana Kocherlakota
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Competition at Work: Railroads vs. Monopoly in the U.S. Shipping Industry
Thomas J. Holmes and
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Phillips Curves Useful for Forecasting Inflation?
Andrew Atkeson and
Lee E. Ohanian
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Thoughts on the Fed’s Role in the Payments System
Edward J. Green and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Declining U.S. Equity Premium
Ravi Jagannathan,
Ellen R. McGrattan, and
Anna Scherbina
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Is the Stock Market Overvalued?
Ellen R. McGrattan and
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Creating Business Cycles Through Credit Constraints
Narayana Kocherlakota
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Knowledge of Individual Histories and Optimal Payment Arrangements
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Suffolk Bank and the Panic of 1837
Arthur J. Rolnick,
Bruce D. Smith, and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Learning to Be Unpredictable: An Experimental Study
Arijit Mukherji and
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Diamond and Dybvig’s Classic Theory of Financial Intermediation: What’s Missing?
Edward J. Green and
Ping Lin
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity
Douglas W. Diamond and
Philip H. Dybvig
Reprinted From: Journal of Political Economy
(Vol. 91, No. 3, 1983, pp. 401-419)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Maintenance and Repair: Too Big to Ignore
Ellen R. McGrattan and
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Explaining the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level
Narayana Kocherlakota and
Christopher Phelan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Taxing Capital Income: A Bad Idea
Andrew Atkeson,
V. V. Chari, and
Patrick J. Kehoe
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Aggregate Returns to Scale: Why Measurement Is Imprecise
Harold L. Cole and
Lee E. Ohanian
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Nobel Laureate Robert E. Lucas, Jr.: Architect of Modern Macroeconomics
V. V. Chari
Reprinted From: Journal of Economic Perspectives
(Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 1998, pp. 171-186)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money and Debt in the Structure of Payments
Edward J. Green
Reprinted From: Monetary and Economic Studies
(Vol. 15, No. 1, May 1997, pp. 63-87)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Great Depression in the United States From A Neoclassical Perspective
Harold L. Cole and
Lee E. Ohanian
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Observations on the Great Depression
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Revisionist History: How Data Revisions Distort Economic Policy Research
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Defense of AK Growth Models
Ellen R. McGrattan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
The Technological Role of Fiat Money
Narayana Kocherlakota
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Lessons From a Laissez-Faire Payments System: The Suffolk Banking System (1825–58)
Arthur J. Rolnick,
Bruce D. Smith, and
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank's Review
(Vol. 80, No. 3, May/June 1998, pp. 105-116)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Zero Nominal Interest Rates: Why They’re Good and How to Get Them
Harold L. Cole and
Narayana Kocherlakota
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money, Inflation, and Output Under Fiat and Commodity Standards
Arthur J. Rolnick and
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Political Economy
(Vol. 105, No. 6, December 1997, pp. 1308-1321)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Changes in Hours Worked Since 1950
Ellen R. McGrattan and
Richard Rogerson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
A Dictum for Monetary Theory
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money
James Madison
Reprinted From: The Papers of James Madison
(Vol. 1, 16 March 1751-16 December 1779, 1962, pp. 301-310)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Debasement Puzzle: An Essay on Medieval Monetary History
Arthur J. Rolnick,
François R. Velde, and
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Economic History
(Vol. 56, No. 4, December 1996, pp. 789-808)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
S. Rao Aiyagari: My Student and My Teacher
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deflating the Case for Zero Inflation
S. Rao Aiyagari
Originally published in Quarterly Review Summer 1990
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
On the Contribution of Technology Shocks
to Business Cycles
S. Rao Aiyagari
Originally published in Quarterly Review Winter 1994
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Macroeconomics With Frictions
S. Rao Aiyagari
Originally published in Quarterly Review Summer 1994
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Published Work of S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Dimensions of Inequality: Facts on the U.S. Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth
Javier Díaz-Giménez,
Vincenzo Quadrini, and
José-Víctor Ríos-Rull
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Understanding the U.S. Distribution of Wealth
Vincenzo Quadrini and
José-Víctor Ríos-Rull
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Absence-of-Double-Coincidence Models of Money: A Progress Report
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Reviving Reputation Models of International Debt
Harold L. Cole and
Patrick J. Kehoe
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Checks Overused?
Kirstin E. Wells
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Delayed Financial Disclosure: Mexico's Recent Experience
R. Anton Braun,
Arijit Mukherji, and
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Will the New $100 Bill Decrease Counterfeiting?
Edward J. Green and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Should Older People Invest Less in Stocks Than Younger People?
Ravi Jagannathan and
Narayana Kocherlakota
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Role Played by Public Enterprises: How Much Does It Differ Across Countries?
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Using Monthly Data to Improve Quarterly Model Forecasts
Daniel M. Chin and
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Narrow Banking Meets the Diamond-Dybvig Model
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Time to Plan and Aggregate Fluctuations
Lawrence J. Christiano and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The CAPM Debate
Ravi Jagannathan and
Ellen R. McGrattan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
The Growth Effects of Monetary Policy
V. V. Chari,
Larry E. Jones, and
Rodolfo E. Manuelli
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Monetary Facts
George T. McCandless Jr. and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Incorporating Concern for Relative Wealth Into Economic Models
Harold L. Cole,
George J. Mailath, and
Andrew Postlewaite
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A New Idea for Welfare Reform
Michael P. Keane
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Analyzing a Proposal to Ban State Tax Breaks to Businesses
Thomas J. Holmes
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Resistance to New Technology and Trade Between Areas
Thomas J. Holmes and
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Fine Time for Monetary Policy?
John F. Geweke and
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Progress Report on Business Cycle Models
Ellen R. McGrattan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Another Attempt to Quantify the Benefits of Reducing Inflation
R. Anton Braun
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Banks Dead? Or Are the Reports Greatly Exaggerated?
John H. Boyd and
Mark Gertler
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Macroeconomics With Frictions
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Primer on Static Applied General Equilibrium Models
Patrick J. Kehoe and
Timothy J. Kehoe
Published In: Modeling North America's economic integration
(1995, pp. 1-31)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Capturing NAFTA's Impact With Applied General Equilibrium Models
Patrick J. Kehoe and
Timothy J. Kehoe
Published In: Modeling North America's economic integration
(1995, pp. 33-57)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Role of Large Banks in the Recent U.S. Banking Crisis
John H. Boyd and
Mark Gertler
Reprinted From: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1993
(pp. 319-368)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
On the Contribution of Technology Shocks to Business Cycles
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
In Order to Form a More Perfect Monetary Union
Arthur J. Rolnick,
Bruce D. Smith, and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
International Business Cycles: Theory vs. Evidence
David K. Backus,
Patrick J. Kehoe, and
Finn E. Kydland
Published In: Frontiers of business cycle research
(1995, pp. 331-356)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Putting Home Economics Into Macroeconomics
Jeremy Greenwood,
Richard Rogerson, and
Randall Wright
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Macroeconomic Effects of World Trade in Financial Assets
Harold L. Cole
Reprinted From: International Economic Review
(Vol. 29, No. 2, May 1988, pp. 237-259)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Changes in the Wealth of Nations
Stephen L. Parente and
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Early Progress on the "Problem of Economic Development"
James A. Schmitz, Jr.
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
On the Emergence of Parliamentary Government: The Role of Private Information
Edward J. Green
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Explaining Financial Market Facts: The Importance of Incomplete Markets and Transaction Costs
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How the U.S. Treasury Should Auction Its Debt
V. V. Chari and
Robert J. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
No Relief in Sight for the U.S. Economy
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
SPDAs and GICs: Like Money in the Bank?
Richard M. Todd and
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Acceptability, Means of Payment, and Media of Exchange
Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and
Randall Wright
Reprinted From: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance
(1992)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Labor Market in Real Business Cycle Theory
Gary D. Hansen and
Randall Wright
Published In: Real business cycles: A reader
(1998, pp. 168-178)
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 335-353)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Resolving the National Bank Note Paradox
Bruce A. Champ,
Neil Wallace, and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How Little We Know About Deficit Policy Effects
Preston J. Miller and
William Roberds
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Direct Investment: A Doubtful Alternative to International Debt
Harold L. Cole and
William B. English
Reprinted From: Journal of International Economics
(Vol. 30, No. 3-4, May 1991, pp. 201-227)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Can a "Credit Crunch" Be Efficient?
Edward J. Green and
Soo Nam Oh
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Bleak Outlook for the U.S. Economy
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Evaluating the Welfare Effects of Alternative Monetary Arrangements
Ayse Imrohoroglu and
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Labor Market Implications of Unemployment Insurance and Short-Time Compensation
Randall Wright
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Investigating the Banking Consolidation Trend
John H. Boyd and
Stanley L. Graham
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Defending Zero Inflation: All for Naught
W. Lee Hoskins
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Response to a Defense of Zero Inflation
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Procyclical Prices: A Demi-Myth?
Holger C. Wolf
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Modeling the Liquidity Effect of a Money Shock
Lawrence J. Christiano
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 427-482)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Bad News From a Forecasting Model of the U.S. Economy
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Banking Model in Which Partial Suspension Is Best
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deflating the Case for Zero Inflation
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Simple Analytics of Commodity Futures Markets: Do They Stabilize Prices? Do They Raise Welfare?
V. V. Chari and
Ravi Jagannathan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Business Cycles: Real Facts and a Monetary Myth
Finn E. Kydland and
Edward C. Prescott
Published In: Real business cycles: A reader
(1998, pp. 383-398)
Published In: Business cycle theory
(1995, pp. 67-82)
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 307-334)
Published In: The new classical macroeconomics
(Vol. 3, 1992, pp. 514-529)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Vector Autoregression Evidence on Monetarism: Another Look at the Robustness Debate
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deposit Insurance Reform; or, Deregulation Is the Cart, Not the Horse
John H. Kareken
Originally published in Quarterly Review Spring 1983
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Markets in Foreign Exchange Are Different From Other Markets
Neil Wallace
Originally published in Quarterly Review Fall 1979
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Suggestion for Oversimplifying the Theory of Money
Neil Wallace
Published In: The foundations of monetary economics
(Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 213-224)
Published In: Free banking
(Vol. 3, 1993, pp. 246-257)
Reprinted From: Economic Journal
(Vol. 98, No. 390, 1988)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
P*: Not the Inflation Forecaster's Holy Grail
Lawrence J. Christiano
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The U.S. Economy in 1990 and 1991: Continued Expansion Likely
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Simple Way to Estimate Current-Quarter GNP
Terry J. Fitzgerald and
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Banking Without Deposit Insurance or Bank Panics: Lessons From a Model of the U.S. National Banking System
V. V. Chari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Bank Failures, Financial Restrictions, and Aggregate Fluctuations: Canada and the United States, 1870–1913
Stephen D. Williamson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Is Japan's Saving Rate High?
Fumio Hayashi
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Understanding Japan's Saving Rate: The Reconstruction Hypothesis
Lawrence J. Christiano
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Economic Forecasts Rational?
Michael P. Keane and
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The U.S. Economy in 1989 and 1990: Walking a Fine Line
Preston J. Miller and
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings' Hold on Budget Policy: Losing Its Grip?
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How Should Taxes Be Set?
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Another Attempt to Explain an Illiquid Banking System: The Diamond and Dybvig Model With Sequential Service Taken Seriously
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Time Consistency and Optimal Policy Design
V. V. Chari
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 41-65)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Modeling the Impact of an Energy Price Shock on Interregional Income Transfer
Clarence W. Nelson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Relationship Between Money and Prices: Some Historical Evidence Reconsidered
Bruce D. Smith
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Profitability and Risk Effects of Allowing Bank Holding Companies to Merge With Other Financial Firms: A Simulation Study
John H. Boyd and
Stanley L. Graham
Published In: Bank management and regulation: A book of readings
(1992, pp. 187-204)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Explaining the Demand for Free Bank Notes
Arthur J. Rolnick and
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Monetary Economics
(Vol. 2, No. 1, 1988)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why No Crunch From the Crash?
David E. Runkle
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Economic Fluctuations Without Shocks to Fundamentals; Or, Does the Stock Market Dance to Its Own Music?
S. Rao Aiyagari
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 355-386)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Is Consumption Less Volatile Than Income?
Lawrence J. Christiano
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 391-425)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Benefits of Bank Deposit Rate Ceilings: New Evidence on Bank Rates and Risk in the 1920s
Arthur J. Rolnick
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Recent Developments in Modeling Financial Intermediation
Stephen D. Williamson
Published In: Financial intermediaries
(1995, pp. 286-296)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Improving Intergovernmental Finance: A Message From the Northland
Michael J. Stutzer
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Intergenerational Linkages and Government Budget Policies
S. Rao Aiyagari
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 151-168)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Federal Budget's Effects on Intergenerational Equity: Undone or Not Undone?
Gary H. Stern
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Forecasting and Modeling the U.S. Economy in 1986-88
William Roberds and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Modern Business Cycle Analysis: A Guide to the Prescott-Summers Debate
Rodolfo E. Manuelli
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Theory Ahead of Business Cycle Measurement
Edward C. Prescott
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Skeptical Observations on Real Business Cycle Theory
Lawrence H. Summers
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Response to a Skeptic
Edward C. Prescott
Published In: Real business cycles: A reader
(1998, pp. 102-107)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money and the U.S. Economy in the 1980s: A Break From the Past?
Lawrence J. Christiano
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Do Sterilized Interventions Affect Exchange Rates?
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Risk, Regulation, and Bank Holding Company Expansion Into Nonbanking
John H. Boyd and
Stanley L. Graham
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Visible Hand: The Fed's Involvement in the Check Payments System
James N. Duprey and
Clarence W. Nelson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Forecasting Models Usable for Policy Analysis?
Christopher A. Sims
Published In: The legacy of Robert Lucas, Jr.
(Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 434-448)
Published In: Macroeconometric modeling
(Vol. 2, 1994, pp. 457-471)
Published In: The new classical macroeconomics
(Vol. 2, 1992, pp. 361-375)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Gresham's Law or Gresham's Fallacy?
Arthur J. Rolnick and
Warren E. Weber
Reprinted From: Journal of Political Economy
(Vol. 94, No. 1, 1986)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How Monetary Policy in 1985 Affects the Outlook
Robert B. Litterman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Taking Stock of the Farm Credit System: Riskier for Farm Borrowers
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Banking Instability and Regulation in the U.S. Free Banking Era
Arthur J. Rolnick and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Adjustable Rate Mortgages: Increasing Efficiency More Than Housing Activity
William Roberds and
Michael J. Stutzer
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Statewide Economic Impact of Small-Issue Industrial Revenue Bonds
Michael J. Stutzer
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
International Coordination of Macroeconomic Policies: A Welfare Analysis
Preston J. Miller and
Neil Wallace
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 209-241)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Shred of Evidence on Public Acceptance of Privately Issued Currency
Martin Eichenbaum and
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deficits, Interest Rates, and the Tax Distribution
S. Rao Aiyagari
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Thomas J. Sargent
Originally published in Quarterly Review Fall 1981
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Pleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Michael R. Darby
Originally published in Quarterly Review Spring 1984
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Reply to Darby
Preston J. Miller and
Thomas J. Sargent
Originally published in Quarterly Review Spring 1984
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Above-Average National Growth in 1985 and 1986
Robert B. Litterman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
More Growth Ahead for Ninth District States
Hossain Amirizadeh and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Improving Economic Forecasting With Bayesian Vector Autoregression
Richard M. Todd
Published In: Modelling economic series: Readings in econometric methodology
(1990, pp. 214-234)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
[Additional Information is available for this article]
Forecasting and Policy Analysis With Bayesian Vector Autoregression Models
Robert B. Litterman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money Market Mutual Funds Are Hardly Money
Danny Quah,
Gary H. Stern, and
Thomas M. Supel
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Probable Future Competition in Banking Antitrust Determination: Research Findings
Michael J. Stutzer
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions/A Strong Recovery
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Should Currency Be Priced Like Cars?
Thomas M. Supel and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Pleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Michael R. Darby
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Reply to Darby
Preston J. Miller and
Thomas J. Sargent
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions/Urban Strength, Rural Weakness
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Money and Inflation in Colonial Massachusetts
Bruce D. Smith
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some of the Choices for Monetary Policy
Neil Wallace
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 85-101)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Budget Deficit Mythology
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Speculations About the Speculation Against the Hong Kong Dollar
David T. Beers,
Thomas J. Sargent, and
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions/Growth in 1984
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Message From the President
E. Gerald Corrigan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Toward a More Resilient International Financial System
Anthony M. Solomon
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Primer on the International Monetary Fund
John H. Boyd,
David S. Dahl, and
Carolyn P. Line
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deposit Insurance Reform or Deregulation Is the Cart, Not the Horse
John H. Kareken
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Using Vector Autoregressions to Measure the Uncertainty in Minnesota's Revenue Forecasts
Robert B. Litterman and
Thomas M. Supel
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions/A Midyear Report
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Legal Restrictions Theory of the Demand for "Money" and the Role of Monetary Policy
Neil Wallace
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 73-83)
Published In: Free banking
(Vol. 3, 1993, pp. 217-223)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Higher Deficit Policies Lead to Higher Inflation
Preston J. Miller
Published In: The new classical macroeconomics
(Vol. 1, 1992, pp. 353-364)
Published In: Current readings on money, banking, and financial markets
(1987, pp. 293-304)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions/Recovery Likely to Be Stronger Than Expected
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Optimal Control of the Money Supply
Robert B. Litterman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Free Banking, Wildcat Banking, and Shinplasters
Arthur J. Rolnick and
Warren E. Weber
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
As the Nation's Economy Goes, So Goes Minnesota's
Robert B. Litterman and
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
How the Fed Defines and Measures Money
James N. Duprey
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Eximbank Lending: A Federal Program That Costs Too Much
John H. Boyd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Expanded Federal Crop Insurance: A Better Way for Taxpayers to Share Farmers' Risks
Richard M. Todd
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Thomas J. Sargent and
Neil Wallace
Published In: The foundations of monetary economics
(Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 321-337)
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 103-129)
Published In: The theory of inflation
(1994, pp. 291-307)
Published In: The new classical macroeconomics
(Vol. 1, 1992, pp. 324-340)
Published In: Monetarism in the United Kingdom
(1984, pp. 15-41)
Published In: Fiscal and monetary policy
(Vol. 1, 1995, pp. 285-301)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deregulating Commercial Banks: The Watchword Should Be Caution
John H. Kareken
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Econometric Policy Evaluation Under Rational Expectations
Thomas H. Turner and
Charles H. Whiteman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Limited Branching in Minnesota: Its Impact on Banking Consumers
Stanley L. Graham
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Commercial Banking as a Line of Commerce: An Appraisal
John H. Kareken
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A New Approach to Monetary Control
E. Gerald Corrigan
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Supply-Side Tax Cuts: Will They Reduce Inflation?
Thomas M. Supel
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Integrating Micro and Macroeconomics: An Application to Credit Controls
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
What’s Wrong With Macroeconomics
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Deficit Policies, Deficit Fallacies
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Search for a Stable Money Demand Equation
James N. Duprey
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Rational Expectations and the Reconstruction of Macroeconomics
Thomas J. Sargent
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 31-39)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Future of Monetary Policy: The Rational Expectations Perspective
Mark H. Willes
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Case for Branch Banking in Montana
Stanley L. Graham and
Arthur J. Rolnick
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Forecasting 1980
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The U.S. Economy in 1980: Shockwaves From 1979
Preston J. Miller,
Thomas M. Supel, and
Thomas H. Turner
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Estimating the Effects of the Oil-Price Shock
Preston J. Miller,
Thomas M. Supel, and
Thomas H. Turner
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why Markets in Foreign Exchange Are Different From Other Markets
Neil Wallace
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 197-208)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Is the Fed's Seasonal Borrowing Privilege Justified?
Stanley L. Graham
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Way to Improve Economic Forecasting
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Help for the Regional Economic Forecaster: Vector Autoregression
Paul A. Anderson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Estimating Vector Autoregressions Using Methods Not Based on Explicit Economic Theories
Thomas J. Sargent
Published In: Time series models, causality and exogeneity
(1997, pp. 272-279)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
After Keynesian Macroeconomics
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. and
Thomas J. Sargent
Published In: A macroeconomics reader
(1997, pp. 270-294)
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line
(1994, pp. 5-30)
Published In: Current readings on money, banking, and financial markets
(1987, pp. 252-267)
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Cloudy Future for Minnesota's Businesses
David S. Dahl
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A Case for Variable Rate Mortgages
John P. Danforth
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Last Fall's Policy Changes: A Sound Program for Reducing Inflation
Thomas M. Supel
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Are Interest Rates Too High?
Mark H. Willes
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Rational Expectations: How Important for Econometric Policy Analysis?
Paul A. Anderson
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Does the sinking U.S. dollar mean the float isn't working?
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
International Monetary Reform: The Feasible Alternatives
John H. Kareken and
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Should we fight inflation with wage and price controls?
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
A New Investigation of the Impact of Wage and Price Controls
Charles H. Whiteman
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
TIP: The Wrong Way to Fight Inflation
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The U.S. Economy in 1977 and 1978
Thomas M. Supel
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Inflation: An Extreme View
John H. Kareken
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Regional Economy in 1977 and 1978
David S. Dahl
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Looking for Evidence of Noncompetitive Behavior in Minnesota's Banking Industry
David S. Dahl,
Stanley L. Graham, and
Arthur J. Rolnick
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Questioning Federal Reserve Policies
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Why the Fed Should Consider Holding M0 Constant
Neil Wallace
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
Bank Regulation: Strengthening Friedman's Case for Reform
Arthur J. Rolnick
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
The Right Way to Price Federal Reserve Services
Preston J. Miller
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]
District Conditions
[Article available on-line as PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file or PostScript file]