Sinusitis Pictures Slideshow: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
More Slideshows from MedicineNet
Watch and learn from these additional pictures slideshows.
Headache and Migraine Triggers
AIDS Retrospective Slideshow
Sinus Attack!
Pain in the forehead or between the eyes? Upper teeth ache? Face feeling full, nose stuffy and congested? The number one reason for visits to a doctor's office: sinus problems and sinus-related symptoms.
Sinuses: Air Spaces in Your Head
Sinuses are air spaces in your skull lined with mucous membranes. You have four sets of nasal sinuses:
- two frontal sinuses in the forehead above the eyes
- two maxillary sinuses, one inside each cheek bone (dark triangles seen in this CAT scan)
- ethmoid sinuses: a beehive of 18 to 22 cavities behind the bridge of the nose (also shown here)
- sphenoid sinuses, behind the nose and underneath the brain
Sinuses are like fingerprints; everybody's are different.
What Is Sinusitis?
Tiny, hair-like structures called cilia (magnified here) help move mucus across sinus membranes and toward an exit. All of your sinus cavities connect to your nose to allow a free exchange of air and mucus. Infections or allergies make sinus tissues inflamed, red, and swollen. That's called sinusitis.
Just a Cold … at First
Sinusitis usually starts with inflammation triggered by a cold, allergy attack, or irritant. But it may not end there. Colds, allergies, and irritants make sinus tissues swell.
Stuffy, Puffy, and Sore
Sinusitis causes many symptoms. Most people have a stuffy nose and pain or pressure in several locations around the face or teeth. There's usually a nasal discharge that may be yellow, green, or clear. Other symptoms may include fatigue, decreased sense of smell and/or taste, cough, sore throat, bad breath, headache, pain on bending forward, and fever.
Chronic Sinusitis
The blue areas in this color-enhanced MRI show thickened mucosal surfaces on both maxillary sinuses. Inflammation of the sinus cavity that lasts for more than three months is chronic sinusitis. It affects about 32 million Americans. Although bacteria often colonize obstructed sinuses, it's not clear that bacterial infections are the true cause of chronic sinusitis. Anatomy, allergies, polyps, immune deficiencies, and dental diseases may also cause chronic sinus problems.
Nasal Polyps
When sinuses remain inflamed, sinus membranes may thicken and swell. The swelling can be brisk enough to cause grape-like masses called polyps (shown here). Polyps may protrude from the sinus into the nasal passage and partially or completely block the nasal airway.
Nasal Decongestants: Relief, at a Cost
These sprays open swollen nasal passages and allow your sinuses to drain. That can be helpful, especially during the worst days of a cold or during air travel. But you should use these drugs only for a few days. After that, there's a kick-back effect, making your nasal passages swell shut again. Decongestants are not indicated for chronic use. Oral decongestants may help, but also have side effects. Better solutions for acute sinus symptoms: nasal steroid sprays or saline sprays or washes. If symptoms persist, see your doctor. Chronic sinus symptoms may be caused by a deviated septum or another treatable condition.
Antibiotics Usually Not Needed
Neutrogena, which is owned by Johnson & Johnson, knows how to baby kids' skin, Buchness says, speaking of Neutrogena Waterguard Kids SPF 70 ($9.99) spray. She also noted that it absorbs quickly, making it good for keeping fussy ones from getting cranky. The whole panel appreciated the gentle yet effective combination of ingredients.
Shown here is a magnified, color-enhanced image of a rhinovirus pathogen responsible for the common cold.
Treating Allergy-Related Sinusitis
What can help allergy-related sinus symptoms is irrigation with saline solution, either with a neti pot or squeeze bottle -- if your nasal passages aren't blocked. Although there's no evidence they help with sinus infections, nasal steroid sprays may help some people suffering sinus symptoms from allergies. Antihistamines may help, too, especially for symptoms of sneezing and runny nose.
When to See the Doctor
About 80% of the time, yellow or green mucus means a bacterial infection. Even then, acute bacterial sinusitis usually clears up in 7 to 14 days -- without antibiotic treatment. But if you keep feeling worse and symptoms are persistent and severe, or if you get a fever, it's time to see a doctor.
Chronic Sinusitis Treatment Still a Puzzle
Chronic sinusitis is very difficult to treat. A first step is controlling predisposing factors such as eliminating environmental irritants. For symptom relief, doctors often prescribe nasal steroid sprays or antibiotics, but neither is proven to work in comprehensive studies. Surgery -- functional endoscopic sinus surgery or FESS -- offers at least moderate relief to 80% to 90% of patients -- but this is not intended as first-line treatment for chronic sinusitis.
Sinusitis Complications: Worst-Case Scenarios
Only a layer of bone separates your sinuses from your brain. If a sinus infection passes through the bone, it can infect the lining of the brain -- meningitis -- or even the brain itself. Both problems are life threatening. A sinus infection can also spread into the orbit of the eye, possibly causing blindness. And, sinus infections can lead to potentially fatal aneurysms or infected blood clots. These complications are rare. Less severe complications include asthma attacks and loss of smell or taste.
Preventing Sinusitis
There's no sure way to avoid either acute or chronic sinusitis. But here are some things that can help:
- Keep sinuses moist -- use saline sprays or nasal irrigation often.
- Avoid very dry indoor environments.
- Avoid exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or strong chemical odors.
More Reading on Sinusitis
Advertisement
Sources: 
IMAGES PROVIDED BY:
- WebMD composite image
- Living Art Enterprises, LLC / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Eye of Science / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- WebMD composite image / background photo by Voller Ernst
- Radius Images
- Living Art Enterprises, LLC / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- © ISM / Phototake -- All rights reserved.
- Image Source
- Kenneth Eward / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Brayden Knell / WebMD
- Uppercut Images
- PHANIE / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- PHANIE / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Siri Stafford / Taxi
REFERENCES:
- Jordan S. Josephson, MD, director, New York Nasal and Sinus Center and author, Sinus Relief Now, Perigee Trade, December 2006.
- Brook, I. eMedicine, "Sinusitis, Chronic," Oct. 6, 2008.
- American College of Physicians, PIER: Physicians Information and Education Resource, "Acute Sinusitis," accessed April 6, 2009.
- Piccirillo, J.F. The New England Journal of Medicine, Aug. 26, 2004.
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases web site, "Sinus Infection (Sinusitis)," accessed Feb. 16, 2009.
- MedlinePlus, National Institutes of Health, "Sinusitis," accessed Feb. 16, 2009
- Morten Lindbaek, MD, PhD, professor, University of Oslo, Norway (Interviewed March 12, 2008 and Dec. 3, 2007)
- Joe, S.A. Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery, September 2008; vol 139: pp 340-347.
- Lim, M. American Journal of Rhinology, July/August 2008; vol 22: pp 381-389
- Harvey, R. Cochrane Database Systemic Reviews, Jul. 18, 2007; vol 18: pp CD006394.
Schumann, S.A. and Hickner, J. Journal of Family Practice, July 2008; vol 57: pp 464-468.
- Jim Young, PhD, biostatistician, Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (interviewed March 12, 2008).
- Williamson, I.G. Journal of the American Medical Association, Dec. 5, 2007; vol: 298 pp. 2487-2496.
- Lindbaek, M. Journal of the American Medical Association, Dec. 5, 2007; vol: 298 pp.2543-2544.
- Ian G. Williamson, MD, senior lecturer, University of Southampton, England (interviewed Dec. 3, 2007).
- DeNoon, D. WebMD, "Antibiotics No Help for Sinus Cold," March 13, 2008.
- DeNoon, D. WebMD, "Sinus Infection? Antibiotics No Help," Dec. 4, 2007.
This tool does not provide medical advice. See additional information:
THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is intended for general informational purposes only and does not address individual circumstances. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the MedicineNet Site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, immediately call your doctor or dial 911.
© 2011 WebMD LLC. All rights reserved.
|