Temporary Disabled. :) please Go back Asia' s Nuclear Energy Growth | Nuclear Power Developments in Asia www.fgks.org » Address: [go: up one dir, main page] Include Form Remove Scripts Accept Cookies Show Images Show Referer Rotate13 Base64 Strip Meta Strip Title Session Cookies Contact Us Public Information Service Publications Nuclear Century Outlook Reactor Database Meetings About WNA WNA Members Site WNA Public Information Service - Full List of Pages Nuclear Basics Facts and Figures Country Briefings Nuclear Fuel Cycle Current & Future Nuclear Generation Safety and Security Climate Change & Sustainable Development Economic Aspects Non-Power Nuclear Applications Role of the United Nations Latest Updates: Weekly Digest Why we need nuclear power How Nuclear Power Works Education Papers for Schools Outline History of Nuclear Energy Overview of Nuclear Energy The Nuclear Debate Glossary The Biosphere At Risk A Tide of Humanity Clean Energy Realism Nuclear Power Today Chernobyl Nuclear Safety & Radiation Waste Containment & Storage Safeguards & Security Competitive Nuclear Future Sustainable Development A Crisis Requiring Leadership and Resolve The Necessity of Nuclear Power The Fuel Cycle in Brief Mining Conversion and Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Electricity Generation Used Fuel Management Waste Management Decommissioning Transport of Radioactive Materials Non-power uses of nuclear energy What is Uranium? What is Radiation? Uranium Stewardship Uranium: Energy for the World How does uranium work? The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Uranium Mining Waste Management Electricity and Climate Change Environment, Health and Safety in Electricity Generation Radiation and Life Some Physics of Uranium Some Chemistry of Uranium The Peaceful Atom CO2 Emissions from Generation World Nuclear Power Reactors 2009-10 and Uranium Requirements Nuclear share of generation Uranium production figures Heat values of various fuels WNA Nuclear Reactors Database Countries A-F Countries G-M Countries N-S Countries T-Z Others Australia Argentina Armenia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada: Nuclear Power Canada: Uranium Production China: Nuclear Power China: Nuclear Fuel Cycle Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary India Iran Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Mexico Mongolia Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Niger Pakistan Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom USA: Nuclear Power USA: Nuclear Fuel Cycle USA: Nuclear Power Policy Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries Uranium in Africa Uranium in Central Asia Asia's Nuclear Energy Growth Nuclear Power in Taiwan California's Electricity Nuclear Fuel Cycle Overview Uranium Resources Mining of Uranium Uranium Enrichment Power Reactors Fuel Recycling Transport Nuclear Wastes Supply of Uranium The Cosmic Origins of Uranium Uranium and Depleted Uranium Uranium Markets Geology of Uranium Deposits Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel Uranium from Phosphates World Uranium Mining In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium Environmental Aspects of Uranium Mining Uranium Enrichment Advanced Nuclear Reactors Cooling Power Plants Early Soviet Reactors and EU Accession Fast Neutron Reactors Generation IV Nuclear Reactors Heavy Manufacturing of NPP Nuclear Power Reactors RBMK Reactors Small Nuclear Power Reactors Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX) Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel Plutonium. Japanese Waste and MOX Shipments From Europe Transport of Radioactive Materials Radioactive Waste Management Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities International Nuclear Waste Disposal Concepts Radioactive Wastes - Myths and Realities Synroc Nuclear Power in the World Today World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power Plans For New Nuclear Reactors The Nuclear Renaissance Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Cooperation in the Nuclear Power Industry Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fusion Power Thorium Radiation and Health Safety of Plants Non-Proliferation Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Uranium and Depleted Uranium Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Subsequent Weapons Testing Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Chernobyl Accident Early Soviet Reactors and EU Accession Three Mile Island accident Tokaimura Criticality Accident Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes Safeguards to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation India, China & NPT Nuclear Proliferation Case Studies 'Clean Coal' Technologies Energy Balances and CO2 Implications Energy Analysis of Power Systems Global Warming - the science Policy Responses to Global Warming Renewable Energy and Electricity Sustainable Energy Economics of Nuclear Power Energy Subsidies and External Costs Transport Applications Industry Applications Radioisotopes Nuclear Reactors for Space Peaceful Nuclear Explosions. Research Reactors Smoke Detectors and Americium Electricity and Cars Nuclear-Powered Ships Transport and the Hydrogen Economy Nuclear Process Heat for Industry Nuclear Desalination Radioisotopes in Industry Radioisotopes in Medicine Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency Atoms for Peace WNA Brochure WNA Market Report Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century WNA Reports WNA Position Statements WNA Pocket Guides Director General's Speeches Benefits of Safety Standards Harmonization Ensuring Security of Supply International Standardization of Nuclear Reactor Designs Optimized Capacity: Global Trends and Issues Structuring Nuclear Projects for Success The New Economics of Nuclear Power Cooling of Power Stations Best Practices in Uranium Mining Can Uranium Supplies Sustain the Global Nuclear Renaissance? Risks of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Safe Decommissioning of Civil Nuclear Industry Sites Safe Manangement of Nuclear Waste and Used Nuclear Fuel Energy and the Environment Reactors Uranium All statements, speeches and articles Leadership for a Nuclear Century Perspectives on Nuclear Energy Worldwide The Global Nuclear Renaissance: A Human and Environmental Imperative WNA Nuclear Century Outlook WNA NCO Data WNA Reactor Database Reactor Advanced Search 35th WNA Symposium Previous WNA Symposia World Nuclear Fuel Cycle Munich 2010 Previous WNFC meetings Other Meetings WNA Brochure WNA Overview Charter of Ethics WNA Membership WNA Members List Leadership John Ritch - Director General Chris Crane - Chairman Andy White - Vice Chairman WNA Award Members Site Login Download this page as a PDF Related Pages Emerging Nuclear Energy CountriesNuclear Power in China.Nuclear Power in JapanNuclear Power in IndiaNuclear Power in South KoreaNuclear Power in PakistanNuclear Power in the World Today WNN Articles China to set even higher nuclear targetsFirst concrete at SanmenIndonesia strengthens South Korean connectionIndian generators think ahead Asia's Nuclear Energy Growth (updated April 2010) Asia is the main region in the world where electricity generating capacity and specifically nuclear power is growing significantly. In East and South Asia there are 112 nuclear power reactors in operation, 37 under construction and firm plans to build a further 84 (at April 2010). Many more are proposed. The greatest growth in nuclear generation is expected in China, Japan, South Korea and India. In contrast with North America and most of Western Europe where growth in electricity generating capacity and particularly nuclear power levelled out for many years, a number of countries in East and South Asia are planning and building new power reactors to meet their increasing demands for electricity. Through to 2010 projected new generating capacity in this region involved the addition of some 38 GWe per year, and from 2010 to 2020 it is 56 GWe/yr, up to one third of this replacing retired plant. This is about 36% of the world's new capacity (current world capacity is about 3700 GWe, of which 370 GWe is nuclear). Much of this growth will be in China, Japan, India and Korea. The nuclear share of this to 2020 is expected to be considerable, especially if environmental constraints limit fossil fuel expansion. There are currently 112 nuclear power reactors operating in six countries of the region, 37 units under construction (with several more due to start construction in 2010), firm plans in place to build 84 more, and serious proposals for another 180. In addition, there are about 56 research reactors in fourteen countries of the region. The only major Pacific Rim countries without any kind of research reactor are Singapore and New Zealand. Japan 54 units (47 GWe) in operation, 2 under construction, 12 planned (total 19 GWe), also 17 research reactors. Japan generates up to 30% of its electricity from nuclear power. By 2017, nuclear contribution is expected to increase to 41%, especially if emission targets under the Kyoto Protocol are met. Longer term plans are to double nuclear capacity (to 90 GWe) and nuclear share by 2050. The reactors most recently started up include third generation advanced reactors, with improved safety systems. The first of these was connected to the grid in 1996. Japan is committed to reprocessing its used fuel to recover uranium and plutonium for re-use in electricity production, both as mixed-oxide fuel in conventional reactors, and also in fast neutron reactors. Japan has a high temperature test reactor which has reached 950°C, high enough to enable thermochemical production of hydrogen. It expects to use some 20 GW of nuclear heat for hydrogen production by 2050, with the first commercial plant coming on line in 2025. China 11 units in operation (8.6 GWe), 22 under construction (24.6 GWe), 35 planned, 120 proposed; also 13 research reactors. China is moving ahead rapidly in building new nuclear power plants, many of them conspicuously on time and on budget. Chinese electricity demand has been growing at more than 8% per year. The electricity demand is strongest in the Guangdong province adjacent to Hong Kong. National plans call for 80 GWe nuclear by 2020, requiring an average of 7000 MWe per year to be added. The Chinese industry projects 200 GWe by 2030. China has built a small advanced high-temperature gas-cooled demonstration reactor (HTR) with pebble bed fuel, which started up in 2000. A commercial prototype HTR based on it is expected to start up in 2013. Republic of Korea (South Korea) 20 units in operation (17.5 GWe), 6 under construction, 6 planned (total 15 GWe), also 2 research reactors. South Korea meets 35% of its electricity needs from nuclear power, and this is increasing. The national plan is to expand to 35 nuclear power reactors by 2030, including advanced reactor designs, and achieve 59% nuclear supply. Demand for electricity in South Korea has been increasing strongly. In collaboration with US companies, Korea developed the 1000 MWe OPR-1000 nuclear reactor which is 95% locally-made, and may be exported to Indonesia and Vietnam. The newer AP1400 model is based on it, and four have been sold to United Arab Emirates, South Korea has a US$ 1 billion R&D and demonstration program aiming to produce commercial hydrogen using nuclear heat about 2020. North Korea 2 units partially built but subject to political delays, also 1 research reactor. North Korea was moving towards commissioning one small power reactor, but concern focussed on attempts to develop illicit weapons capability caused this to be halted. The USA and South Korea offered assistance in substituting two reactors which would not produce weapons-grade plutonium, and agreement for these was signed late in 1995. They are (South) Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant type and construction of the first was about one third complete when construction was abandoned. India 19 units in operation (4.2 GWe), 4 under construction, 20 planned, 24 proposed; also 5 research reactors. India has achieved independence in its nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear power currently supplies less than 4% of electricity in India from 19 reactors. The units under construction are due for completion by 2011, and a further 35 units are proposed beyond that, some of them modern western designs. Plans are for 20 GWe by 2020. India is a pioneer in developing the thorium fuel cycle, and has several advanced facilities related to this. Pakistan 2 reactors in operation, 1 under construction, 2 planned, also 1 research reactor. Pakistan generates almost 3% of its electricity by nuclear, its second power reactor started up in 2000, and the third - supplied by China - is under construction. The government plans 0.9 GWe of new nuclear capacity by 2015, and a further 7.5 GWe by 2030. Bangladesh 2 units proposed, 1 research reactor The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission proposes building two 1000 MWe nuclear reactors by 2020, possibly with Russian help. It has one operating research reactor. Indonesia 2 reactors planned, 4 proposed, 3 research reactors. Demand for electricity in Indonesia has been growing rapidly, and this promoted development of several independent power projects. The government says that it has $8 billion earmarked for four nuclear plants of total 6 GWe to be in operation by 2025, starting with Muria 1 & 2 probably as South Korean OPR-1000 units. Under current plans it aims to meet 2% of power demand from nuclear by 2017. There is also proposed a small power and desalination plant proposed for Madura, using the S. Korean SMART reactor. Vietnam 2 reactors planned, 8 proposed, 1 research reactor. Two reactors total 2000 MWe are planned at Phuoc Dinh in the southern Ninh Thuan province to come into operation from by 2020, followed by another 2000 MWe at Vinh Hai in the Ninh Hai district. These plants would be followed by a further 6000 MWe by 2030, subsequently increased to having a total of 15,000 MWe by 2030. Thailand 2 reactors planned, 4 proposed, 1 research reactor, + 1 being built. Interest by Thailand in nuclear power was revived by a forecast growth in electricity demand of 7 per cent per year for the next twenty years. About 70% of electricity is from natural gas. Capacity requirement in 2016 is forecast at 48 GWe. In June 2007 the Energy Minister announced that it would proceed with plans to build a 4000 MWe nuclear power plant, and has budgeted funds for preparatory work. Construction is to commence in 2014, to operate from 2020. Thailand has had an operating research reactor since 1977 and a larger one is under construction. Demand is growing rapidly and is expected to reach about 100 billion kWh/yr in 2010 - from 40 billion kWh in 2003. More than half of its power comes from hydro, a quarter from gas. It has a research reactor at Da Lat, operated with Russian assistance. Philippines 1 reactor proposed, 1 research reactor. The Philippines has one power reactor completed but its operation was aborted over litigation concerning bribery and safety deficiencies. In 2007 the government set up a project to study the development of nuclear energy, in the context of an overall energy plan for the country, to reduce dependence on imported oil and coal. In 2008 an IAEA mission commissioned by the government advised that the nuclear plant could be refurbished and economically and safely be operated for 30 years. A feasibility study is due to be completed in mid 2010. As well as this, the government is considering two further 1000 MWe Korean Standard Nuclear Plant units, using equipment from the aborted North Korean KEDO project.Malaysia 1 research reactor. In 2008 the government announced that it had no option but to commission nuclear power due to high fossil fuel prices, and set 2023 as target date. Early in 2010 the government said it had budgeted $7 billion funds for this. See also: country papers and Emerging Nuclear Countries paper. Nuclear Power in Asia, and Involvement with the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Power Reactors in Operation Power Reactors Under Construction Power Reactors Planned Research Reactors Other Stages of the Fuel Cycle Australia 1 UM Bangladesh 2 1 China 11 22 35 13 UM, C, E, FF India 19 4 20 5 UM, FF, R, WM Indonesia 2 3 FF Japan 54 2 12 17+1 C, E, FF, R, WM S. Korea 20 6 6 2 C, FF N.Korea 1 1 C?,FF?,R Malaysia 1 Pakistan 2 1 2 1 UM, E, FF Philippines 1 Thailand 2 1+1 Vietnam 2 1 ** Total 112 37 84 56* * 54 operable, 2 under construction** The total includes 6 reactors in operation, plus two under construction, on Taiwan. It also has four research reactors. Taiwan has no other stages of the fuel cycle. Key: UM Uranium Mining, C Conversion, E Enrichment, FF Fuel Fabrication, R Reprocessing, WM Waste Management facilities for spent fuel away from reactors. Sources:WNA Reactor table, country papersOECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2000Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 2005.
Related Pages
WNN Articles
(updated April 2010)
In contrast with North America and most of Western Europe where growth in electricity generating capacity and particularly nuclear power levelled out for many years, a number of countries in East and South Asia are planning and building new power reactors to meet their increasing demands for electricity.
Through to 2010 projected new generating capacity in this region involved the addition of some 38 GWe per year, and from 2010 to 2020 it is 56 GWe/yr, up to one third of this replacing retired plant. This is about 36% of the world's new capacity (current world capacity is about 3700 GWe, of which 370 GWe is nuclear). Much of this growth will be in China, Japan, India and Korea. The nuclear share of this to 2020 is expected to be considerable, especially if environmental constraints limit fossil fuel expansion.
There are currently 112 nuclear power reactors operating in six countries of the region, 37 units under construction (with several more due to start construction in 2010), firm plans in place to build 84 more, and serious proposals for another 180.
In addition, there are about 56 research reactors in fourteen countries of the region. The only major Pacific Rim countries without any kind of research reactor are Singapore and New Zealand.
Japan
54 units (47 GWe) in operation, 2 under construction, 12 planned (total 19 GWe), also 17 research reactors.
Japan generates up to 30% of its electricity from nuclear power. By 2017, nuclear contribution is expected to increase to 41%, especially if emission targets under the Kyoto Protocol are met. Longer term plans are to double nuclear capacity (to 90 GWe) and nuclear share by 2050.
The reactors most recently started up include third generation advanced reactors, with improved safety systems. The first of these was connected to the grid in 1996.
Japan is committed to reprocessing its used fuel to recover uranium and plutonium for re-use in electricity production, both as mixed-oxide fuel in conventional reactors, and also in fast neutron reactors.
Japan has a high temperature test reactor which has reached 950°C, high enough to enable thermochemical production of hydrogen. It expects to use some 20 GW of nuclear heat for hydrogen production by 2050, with the first commercial plant coming on line in 2025.
China
11 units in operation (8.6 GWe), 22 under construction (24.6 GWe), 35 planned, 120 proposed; also 13 research reactors.
China is moving ahead rapidly in building new nuclear power plants, many of them conspicuously on time and on budget.
Chinese electricity demand has been growing at more than 8% per year. The electricity demand is strongest in the Guangdong province adjacent to Hong Kong. National plans call for 80 GWe nuclear by 2020, requiring an average of 7000 MWe per year to be added. The Chinese industry projects 200 GWe by 2030.
China has built a small advanced high-temperature gas-cooled demonstration reactor (HTR) with pebble bed fuel, which started up in 2000. A commercial prototype HTR based on it is expected to start up in 2013.
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
20 units in operation (17.5 GWe), 6 under construction, 6 planned (total 15 GWe), also 2 research reactors.
South Korea meets 35% of its electricity needs from nuclear power, and this is increasing.
The national plan is to expand to 35 nuclear power reactors by 2030, including advanced reactor designs, and achieve 59% nuclear supply. Demand for electricity in South Korea has been increasing strongly.
In collaboration with US companies, Korea developed the 1000 MWe OPR-1000 nuclear reactor which is 95% locally-made, and may be exported to Indonesia and Vietnam. The newer AP1400 model is based on it, and four have been sold to United Arab Emirates,
South Korea has a US$ 1 billion R&D and demonstration program aiming to produce commercial hydrogen using nuclear heat about 2020.
North Korea
2 units partially built but subject to political delays, also 1 research reactor.
North Korea was moving towards commissioning one small power reactor, but concern focussed on attempts to develop illicit weapons capability caused this to be halted.
The USA and South Korea offered assistance in substituting two reactors which would not produce weapons-grade plutonium, and agreement for these was signed late in 1995. They are (South) Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant type and construction of the first was about one third complete when construction was abandoned.
India
19 units in operation (4.2 GWe), 4 under construction, 20 planned, 24 proposed; also 5 research reactors.
India has achieved independence in its nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear power currently supplies less than 4% of electricity in India from 19 reactors. The units under construction are due for completion by 2011, and a further 35 units are proposed beyond that, some of them modern western designs. Plans are for 20 GWe by 2020.
India is a pioneer in developing the thorium fuel cycle, and has several advanced facilities related to this.
Pakistan
2 reactors in operation, 1 under construction, 2 planned, also 1 research reactor.
Pakistan generates almost 3% of its electricity by nuclear, its second power reactor started up in 2000, and the third - supplied by China - is under construction.
The government plans 0.9 GWe of new nuclear capacity by 2015, and a further 7.5 GWe by 2030.
Bangladesh
2 units proposed, 1 research reactor
The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission proposes building two 1000 MWe nuclear reactors by 2020, possibly with Russian help. It has one operating research reactor.
Indonesia
2 reactors planned, 4 proposed, 3 research reactors.
Demand for electricity in Indonesia has been growing rapidly, and this promoted development of several independent power projects.
The government says that it has $8 billion earmarked for four nuclear plants of total 6 GWe to be in operation by 2025, starting with Muria 1 & 2 probably as South Korean OPR-1000 units. Under current plans it aims to meet 2% of power demand from nuclear by 2017.
There is also proposed a small power and desalination plant proposed for Madura, using the S. Korean SMART reactor.
Vietnam
2 reactors planned, 8 proposed, 1 research reactor.
Two reactors total 2000 MWe are planned at Phuoc Dinh in the southern Ninh Thuan province to come into operation from by 2020, followed by another 2000 MWe at Vinh Hai in the Ninh Hai district. These plants would be followed by a further 6000 MWe by 2030, subsequently increased to having a total of 15,000 MWe by 2030.
Thailand
2 reactors planned, 4 proposed, 1 research reactor, + 1 being built.
Interest by Thailand in nuclear power was revived by a forecast growth in electricity demand of 7 per cent per year for the next twenty years. About 70% of electricity is from natural gas. Capacity requirement in 2016 is forecast at 48 GWe.
In June 2007 the Energy Minister announced that it would proceed with plans to build a 4000 MWe nuclear power plant, and has budgeted funds for preparatory work. Construction is to commence in 2014, to operate from 2020.
Thailand has had an operating research reactor since 1977 and a larger one is under construction.
Demand is growing rapidly and is expected to reach about 100 billion kWh/yr in 2010 - from 40 billion kWh in 2003. More than half of its power comes from hydro, a quarter from gas. It has a research reactor at Da Lat, operated with Russian assistance.
Philippines
1 reactor proposed, 1 research reactor.
The Philippines has one power reactor completed but its operation was aborted over litigation concerning bribery and safety deficiencies. In 2007 the government set up a project to study the development of nuclear energy, in the context of an overall energy plan for the country, to reduce dependence on imported oil and coal. In 2008 an IAEA mission commissioned by the government advised that the nuclear plant could be refurbished and economically and safely be operated for 30 years. A feasibility study is due to be completed in mid 2010.
As well as this, the government is considering two further 1000 MWe Korean Standard Nuclear Plant units, using equipment from the aborted North Korean KEDO project.Malaysia
1 research reactor.
In 2008 the government announced that it had no option but to commission nuclear power due to high fossil fuel prices, and set 2023 as target date. Early in 2010 the government said it had budgeted $7 billion funds for this.
See also: country papers and Emerging Nuclear Countries paper.
Nuclear Power in Asia, and Involvement with the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
1
UM
2
11
22
35
13
UM, C, E, FF
19
4
20
5
UM, FF, R, WM
3
FF
54
12
17+1
C, E, FF, R, WM
6
C, FF
C?,FF?,R
UM, E, FF
1+1
112
37
84
56*
** The total includes 6 reactors in operation, plus two under construction, on Taiwan. It also has four research reactors. Taiwan has no other stages of the fuel cycle.
Key: UM Uranium Mining, C Conversion, E Enrichment, FF Fuel Fabrication, R Reprocessing, WM Waste Management facilities for spent fuel away from reactors.
Sources:WNA Reactor table, country papersOECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2000Nuclear Engineering International, World Nuclear Industry Handbook 2005.