Seattle

Seattle (pronounced /siˈætɫ/; us: sē-ă′təl) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington of the Northwestern United States. The encompassing Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan statistical area is the 15th largest in the United States, and the largest in the Pacific Northwest.^[2] Seattle is part of the 13th largest combined statistical area (CSA) in the U.S. A coastal city and major seaport, it is located in the western part of the state on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 96 miles (154 km) south of the Canada – United States border. A major economic, cultural and educational center in the region, Seattle is the county seat of King County. By 2007 Census estimate, the city has a municipal population of 594,210,^[6] making it the twenty-fourth largest city by population in the US, and a metropolitan area population of 3,263,497.^[2]

The Seattle area has been inhabited for at least 4,000 years,^[7] but European settlement began only in the mid-19th century. The first permanent white settlers—Arthur A. Denny and those subsequently known as the Denny Party—arrived November 13, 1851. Early settlements in the area were called "New York-Alki" ("Alki" meaning "by and by" in the local Chinook Jargon) and "Duwamps". In 1853, Doc Maynard suggested that the main settlement be renamed "Seattle", an anglicized rendition of the name of Sealth, the chief of the two local tribes. From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City".^[8] Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in the early 1980s;^[9] the reference is to the lush evergreen trees in the surrounding area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska", "Rain City",^[10] and "Jet City", the latter from the local influence of Boeing. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

Seattle is the birthplace of rock legend Jimi Hendrix and grunge music,^[11] including Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Nirvana. Seattle has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption;^[12] coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks,^[13] Seattle's Best Coffee,^[14] and Tully's.^[15] There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafes.^[12] Researchers at Central Connecticut State University ranked Seattle the most literate city of America's sixty-nine largest cities in 2005 and 2006, second most literate in 2007 (after Minneapolis),^[16] and tied with Minneapolis in 2008.^[17] Additionally, survey data by the United States Census Bureau indicated that Seattle was the most educated city in the U.S.; with 52.4 percent of residents aged 25 and older having a bachelor's degree.^[18] In terms of per capita income, a study by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the Seattle metropolitan area 17th out of 363 metropolitan areas in 2006.^[19]

Even though Seattle is old enough that railways and streetcars once dominated its transportation system, automobiles are now the main mode of transportation. Seattle is also serviced by an extensive network of bus routes and two commuter rail routes connecting it to many of its suburbs. Seattle is also one of the most congested cities in the United States because of traffic.^[20]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Seattle

[edit] Founding

Archaeological excavations confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years.^[7] By the time the first European settlers arrived in the area, the people (now called the Duwamish Tribe) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay.^[21]

Pioneer Square in 1917 featuring the Smith Tower, the Seattle Hotel and to the left the Pioneer Building

In 1851, a large party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River; they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851.^[22] Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, the group who would eventually found Seattle.^[23] Members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28, 1851.^[24] The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon and landed on Alki point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851.^[24]

After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and founded the village of "Dewamps" or "Duwamps" on the site of present day Pioneer Square.^[24] Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and established a village they initially called "New York", but renamed "Alki" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, by and by or someday.^[25] New York-Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance for the next few years, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.^[26]

David Swinson ("Doc") Maynard, one of Duwamps's founders, was the primary advocate to rename the village "Seattle" after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.^[27] The term, "Seattle," appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. Two years later, after a petition was filed by most of the leading citizens, the Legislature disincorporated the town. The town remained a precinct of King County until late 1869 when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated with a Mayor-council government.^[24]^[28]

[edit] Timber town

The Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition had just over 3.7 million visitors during its 138-day run^[29]

Seattle has a history of boom and bust cycles, as is common to cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure, and to control the criminal element with decisive police action.^[30]

The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, was fueled by the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way was nicknamed "Skid Road"^[31] after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. This is considered a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American vocabulary as Skid Row.)^[30] Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886.^[32] This violence was caused by unemployed whites who determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). Martial law was declared, and federal troops were brought in to put down the disorder. Nevertheless, the economic success in the Seattle area was so great that when the Great Seattle Fire of 1889 destroyed the central business district, a far grander city center rapidly emerged in its place. ^[33] Finance company Washington Mutual, for example, was founded in the immediate wake of the fire.^[34] However, the Panic of 1893 hit Seattle hard.^[35]

[edit] The Gold Rush, World War I, and the Great Depression

Image showing 5th Avenue entrance of the Central Branch of the Seattle Public Library, designed by OMA; located on 4th and Madison street in Downtown Seattle. Columbia Center can also be seen in the background.

This boom was followed by the construction of a park system, designed by the Olmsted brothers' landscaping firm. ^[30]

The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Those working men only found lasting wealth in a few cases, however; it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, Seattle, and Olympia became competitors for exchange, rather than mother-lodes for extraction, of precious metals.^[36] The boom lasted well into the early part of the 20th century and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer.^[34] The Gold Rush era culminated in the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, which is largely responsible for the layout of today's University of Washington campus.^[37]

A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country^[38] A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.^[39]

[edit] The post-war years: aircraft and software

The local economy dipped after the World War II, which had seen the dispersion of the numerous Japanese-American businessmen. The local economy rose again with manufacturing company Boeing's growing dominance in the airliner market.^[40] Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair.^[41] The local economy went into another major downturn in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Many left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."^[42]

Downtown Seattle and a ferry at the Central Waterfront.

Still, Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities. Boeing finally chose to move its corporate headquarters to Chicago.^[43] The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777 and the upcoming 787 Dreamliner); the company's credit Union for employees remains based in Seattle.

As prosperity began to return in the 1980s, the city was stunned by the Wah Mee Massacre in 1983, when thirteen people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District, Seattle's Chinatown.^[44] Beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico to nearby Bellevue, Washington,^[45] Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com, RealNetworks, McCaw Cellular (now part of AT&T Mobility), VoiceStream (now T-Mobile USA), and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream (later purchased by Philips), Heart Technologies (later purchased by Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (later purchased by Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company) and Immunex (later purchased by Amgen). This success brought an influx of new citizens with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000,^[46] and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country.^[47] Many of the Seattle area's tech companies remain relatively strong, but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001.^[48]^[49]

Westlake Center, a Downtown mall and southern terminus of the Seattle Center Monorail. This is the northwest corner of 5th and Pine.

Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games^[50] and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge rock, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene.^[51] Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the manner its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself.^[52] The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and was literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually Earthquake.^[53]

[edit] Geography

[edit] Topography

Downtown Seattle is bounded by Elliott Bay (lower left), lower Broadway (from upper left to lower right), Royal Brougham Way (lower right), and Denny Way (obscured by clouds).

Seattle is located between an inlet of the Pacific Ocean to the west called Puget Sound and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is an inlet of the Sound. West beyond the Sound are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; east beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow out through the Lake Washington Ship canal, a series of two man-made canals and Lake Union, to the Hiram C. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, to Shilshole Bay, which is part of Puget Sound. The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. Areas lending themselves well to sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking may be reached almost year-round.^[54]^[55]

The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so.^[56] Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford and Mount Baker neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington.^[57] The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center.^[58] The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway.

North of the city center, Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay.

Seattle is in an earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually Earthquake, did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused no fatalities.^[59] Other strong quakes occurred on December 14, 1872 (estimated at 7.3 or 7.4 magnitude),^[59] April 13, 1949 (7.1),^[60] and April 29, 1965 (6.5).^[61] The 1949 quake caused eight known deaths, all in Seattle;^[60] the 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure.^[61] Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it^[62] nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.^[63]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.5 square miles (369 km²),^[64] 83.9 square miles (217 km²) of which is land and 58.7 square miles (152 km²) water (41.16 percent of the total area).

[edit] Surrounding Cities

Seattle

Burien

Renton

[edit] Climate

Seattle averages only 58 clear days a year, with most of those days occurring between June and September^[65]

Seattle's mild climate is usually classified as Marine west coast (Cfb).^[66] However, its wet-winter/dry-summer pattern shows some characteristics of a Mediterranean climate (Csb), and it is sometimes classified this way.^[67] Temperature extremes are moderated by adjacent Puget Sound, the greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. The region is partially protected from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range. Despite being on the margin of the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, the city has a reputation for frequent rain.^[68] This reputation derives from this frequency of precipitation as well as the fact that it is cloudy an average of 226 days per year (cf. 132 in New York City).^[65] Nonetheless, the city receives less annual precipitation, at 37.1 inches (94 cm)^[69], than New York City, Atlanta, Houston, and most cities of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Seattle was also not listed in a study that revealed the 10 rainiest cities in the continental United States.^[70] Most of the precipitation falls as drizzle or light rain, with only occasional downpours. One of these downpours occurred in December 2007 when widespread rainfall hit the greater Puget Sound area. It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 5 inches of rain fell on Seattle in a 24 hour period. The rain also caused five deaths and widespread flooding and damage.^[71] Spring, late fall, and winter are filled with days when it does not rain but looks as if it might because of cloudy, overcast skies. Winters are cool and wet with average lows around 35–40 °F (2–4 °C) on winter nights. Colder weather can occur, but seldom lasts more than a few days. Summers are dry and warm, with average daytime highs around 73–80 °F (22.2–26.7 °C). Hotter weather usually occurs only during a few summer days. Seattle's hottest official recorded temperature was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on July 20, 1994; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (–18 °C) on January 31, 1950.^[69]

Between October and May, it is cloudy or partly cloudy six out of every seven days^[65]

Eighty miles (130 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average rainfall of 142 inches (361 cm), and the state capital, Olympia—south of the rain shadow—receives an annual average rainfall of 52 inches (132 cm). Snowfall is very infrequent, especially at lower elevations and near the coast, and is usually light and fleeting, lasting only a few days. Heavier snowfall happens infrequently; a recent example happened from December 12–25, 2008, when over one foot of snow fell and stuck on much of the city's roads, causing widespread difficulties in a city so unaccustomed to heavy snow. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 13 inches (33 cm).^[72] Seattle's daily record snowfall was 20 inches (51 cm) on January 13, 1950.^[73] A sunnier and drier climate typically dominates from mid-July to mid-September. An average of 0.8 inches (2.0 cm) of rain falls in July and 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) in August. Although the summer climate is considerably drier and less humid than in areas with humid continental climates, a slight dampness can be occasionally felt, usually when temperatures reach above 80 °F (26.7 °C). This dampness is typically more noticeable during the evening when the temperatures have dropped. Because of this, Seattle experiences occasional summer thunderstorms.^[74]

The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited by the Cascade Mountains to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection.^[75] Thunderstorms caused by this activity can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives worse weather than occasional thunder and ice-pellet showers. Nonetheless, the Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h). One Seattleite drowned in her collapsed and flooded basement in the central Madison Valley neighborhood; power failures were widespread, with some left without power for up to eleven days.^[76]

An exception to Seattle's dampness often occurs in El Niño years, when the marine weather systems track as far south as California and little precipitation falls in the Puget Sound area.^[77] Since the region's water comes from mountain snowpacks during the drier summer months, El Niño winters can not only produce substandard skiing but can result in water rationing and a shortage of hydroelectric power the following summer.^[78]

Weather averages for Seattle, Washington
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19)	70 (21)	76 (24)	87 (31)	92 (33)	100 (38)	100 (38)	96 (36)	92 (33)	82 (28)	70 (21)	65 (18)	100 (38)
Average high °F (°C)	45.8 (8)	49.5 (10)	53.2 (12)	58.2 (15)	64.3 (18)	69.5 (21)	75.2 (24)	75.8 (24)	70.1 (21)	59.7 (15)	50.5 (10)	45.4 (7)	59.7 (15)
Average low °F (°C)	35.9 (2)	37.2 (3)	39.1 (4)	42.1 (6)	47.2 (8)	51.7 (11)	55.3 (13)	55.7 (13)	51.9 (11)	45.7 (8)	39.9 (4)	35.9 (2)	44.2 (7)
Record low °F (°C)	-4 (-20)	1 (-17)	11 (-12)	29 (-2)	16 (-9)	38 (3)	25 (-4)	44 (7)	35 (2)	19 (-7)	0 (-18)	-4 (-20)	-4 (-20)
Precipitation inches (mm)	5.13 (130.3)	4.18 (106.2)	3.75 (95.3)	2.59 (65.8)	1.77 (45)	1.49 (37.8)	0.79 (20.1)	1.02 (25.9)	1.63 (41.4)	3.19 (81)	5.90 (149.9)	5.62 (142.7)	37.07 (941.6)
Avg. rainy days	19	17	15	11	9	5	2	3	8	11	18	20	138
Avg. snowy days	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	8
Source: National Climatic Data Center^[79] February 2009

[edit] Neighborhoods

Main article: Seattle neighborhoods

Downtown Seattle includes a tightly packed financial district along with residential areas and a panoramic waterfront.

Seattle has grown through a series of annexations of smaller neighboring communities. On May 3, 1891, Magnolia, Wallingford, Green Lake, and the University District (then known as Brooklyn) were annexed.^[80] The town of South Seattle was annexed on October 20, 1905.^[81] Between January 7 and September 12, 1907, Seattle nearly doubled its land area by annexing six incorporated towns and areas of unincorporated King County, including Southeast Seattle, Ravenna, South Park, Columbia City, Ballard, and West Seattle.^[82] Three years later, after having difficulties paying a $10,000 bill from the county, the town of Georgetown merged with Seattle.^[83] Finally, on January 4, 1954, the area between N. 85th Street and N. 145th Street was annexed, including the neighborhoods of Maple Leaf, Lake City, View Ridge and Northgate.^[84]

Seattle mayor Greg Nickels is among those who have called Seattle "a city of neighborhoods",^[85]^[86] although the boundaries (and even names) of those neighborhoods are often open to dispute. For example, a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman reported that her own neighborhood has gone from "the 'CD' (Central District) to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park'.^[86]

Over a dozen Seattle neighborhoods have Neighborhood Service Centers, originally known in 1972 as "Little City Halls"^[87] and even more have their own street fair and/or parade during the summer months.^[88] The largest of the city's street fairs feature hundreds of craft and food booths and multiple stages with live entertainment, and draw more than 100,000 people over the course of a weekend.^[89] In addition, at least half a dozen neighborhoods have weekly farmers' markets, some with as many as fifty vendors.^[90]

The residents of White Center, an unincorporated neighborhood between Seattle and Burien, are in the process of deciding by which of the two cities they will be annexed.^[91]

[edit] Cityscape

Queen Anne Hill (left center), Lake Union (center), the Downtown Seattle skyline (right center), and Elliott Bay (right) are important aspects of Seattle's cityscape viewed from the Space Needle.

[edit] Landmarks

Pike Place Market, a popular destination for tourists and locals

The Space Needle, dating from the Century 21 Exposition (1962), is Seattle's most recognizable landmark, having been featured in the logo of the television show Frasier and the backgrounds of the television series Grey's Anatomy and iCarly, and films such as Sleepless in Seattle. The fairgrounds surrounding the Needle have been converted into Seattle Center, which remains the site of many local civic and cultural events, such as Bumbershoot, Folklife, and the Bite of Seattle. Seattle Center plays multiple roles in the city, ranging from a public fair ground to a civic center, though recent economic losses have called its viability and future into question.^[92] The Seattle Center Monorail was also constructed for Century 21 and still runs from Seattle Center to Westlake Center, a downtown shopping mall, a little over a mile to the southeast.

The Smith Tower was the tallest building on the West Coast from its completion in 1914 until the Space Needle overtook it in 1962.^[93] The late 1980s saw the construction of Seattle's two tallest skyscrapers: the 76 story Columbia Center (completed 1985) is the tallest building in the Pacific Northwest^[94] and the fourth tallest building west of the Mississippi River;^[95] the Washington Mutual Tower (completed 1988) is Seattle's second tallest building.^[96]^[97] Other notable Seattle landmarks include Pike Place Market, the Fremont Troll, the Experience Music Project (at Seattle Center), and the Seattle Central Library.

The Space Needle, a popular destination for tourists and center piece of Seattle's 1962 World's Fair.

Starbucks has been at Pike Place Market since the coffee company was founded there in 1971. The first store is still operating a block south of its original location.^[98] Starbucks Center, the company's current headquarters, is the largest building in Seattle by area at just over 2,000,000 square feet (186,000 m²). The building, once Sears' Northwest catalog distribution center, also contains a Sears and an OfficeMax store.^[99]

The National Register of Historic Places has over 150 Seattle listings.^[100] The city also designates its own landmarks.^[101]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Performing arts

Main article: Arts in Seattle

Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded^[102] and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall.^[103] The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished,^[104]^[105] with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner^[106]^[107] and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States.^[104] The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States.^[108] The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.^[109]

The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows^[110] featuring both local talent and international stars.^[111] Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies^[112]^[113] and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre;^[114] Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters^[115] (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract).^[112] In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.^[116]

The Moore Theatre has been a performing arts venue in Downtown Seattle since its construction in 1907.

Seattle is considered the home of Grunge music^[11] because it was home to artists such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, and Mudhoney all of whom reached vast audiences in the early 1990s.^[117] The city is also home to such varied musicians as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, Heart, heavy metal bands Queensryche and Nevermore, and such poppier rock bands as Harvey Danger, Goodness, Dave Matthews Band and the Presidents of the United States of America. Such musicians as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, Nikki Sixx, and Quincy Jones spent their formative years in Seattle.^[117]

Since the grunge era, the area has hosted a diverse and influential alternative music scene. The Seattle record label Sub Pop—the first to sign Nirvana and Soundgarden—has signed such non-grunge bands as Band of Horses, Modest Mouse, Murder City Devils, Sunny Day Real Estate, Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service.^[117]

Earlier Seattle-based popular music acts include the collegiate folk group The Brothers Four; The Wailers, a 1960s garage band; The Ventures, an instrumental rock band; pop Young Fresh Fellows and The Posies; pop-punk The Fastbacks; and the outright punk of The Fartz (later 10 Minute Warning), The Gits, and Seven Year Bitch.^[118]

Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home of some of the most talented performance poets in the world: Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ;^[119] Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ;^[120] and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.^[121] Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.^[122]

The city also has movie houses showing both Hollywood productions and works by independent filmmakers.^[123] Among these, the Seattle Cinerama stands out as one of only three movie theaters in the world still capable of showing three-panel Cinerama films.^[124]^[125]

[edit] Media

Main article: Media in Seattle

Seattle's has one major daily newspaper— "The Seattle Times". There is also a Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce,^[126] and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers.^[127] Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the Northwest Asian Weekly, and numerous neighborhood newspapers, including the North Seattle Journal.

Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.^[128] Seattle cable viewers also receive CBUT 2 (CBC) from Vancouver, British Columbia.

Leading non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma). Other notable stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with EMP), KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue Community College), and KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic music format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio.^[129] Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations, including KING-FM, one of the last commercial classical music stations in the United States.^[128]

Seattle-based online magazines Worldchanging and Grist.org were two of the "Top Green Websites" in 2007 according to Time.^[130].

Seattle also has many online newspapers. The two largest are The Seattle Times and Seattle Post-Intelligencer (online only).

[edit] Tourism

Almost two hundred cruise ship visits brought an estimated 750,000 passengers to Seattle in 2007.^[131]

Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival,^[132] Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and, perhaps most notable of all, the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.^[133]^[134]^[135] In the past, the Gay Pride parade and festival have been centered on Capitol Hill, but since 2006, festivities have been held city-wide, and the parade has followed a route in Downtown from the retail core to Seattle Center.^[136]

Other significant events include numerous Native American powwows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center).^[137]

The Seattle skyline viewed from Gasworks Park.

There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;^[138] an anime convention, Sakura-Con;^[139] Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention;^[140] specialized film festivals, such as the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival^[141]; and a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland bicycle ride^[142].

The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.^[143] The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).^[144] SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill.

Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries,^[145] including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery,^[146] and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.^[147]

Woodland Park Zoo opened as a private menagerie in 1889, but was sold to the city in 1899.^[148] The Seattle Aquarium has been open on the downtown waterfront since 1977 (undergoing a renovation 2006).^[149] The Seattle Underground Tour, an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire, is also popular.^[150] There are also many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.^[151]

[edit] Sports

Main article: Sports in Seattle

Club	Sport	League	Venue	Established	Championships
Seattle Sounders FC	Soccer	MLS	Qwest Field	2009	0
Seattle Seahawks	Football	NFL	Qwest Field	1976	0
Seattle Mariners	Baseball	MLB	Safeco Field	1977	0
Seattle Thunderbirds	Ice Hockey	WHL	ShoWare Center	1977	0
Seattle Storm	Basketball	WNBA	KeyArena	2000	1

Safeco Field, home of the Seattle Mariners

Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.^[152] Today Seattle has four major professional sports teams: The National Football League's Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball's Seattle Mariners,the Seattle Sounders FC, which currently play in Major League Soccer and the 2004 Women's National Basketball Association champions, Seattle Storm.^[153] From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was home to an NBA franchise, the Seattle Supersonics, who were the 1978–79 NBA champions; the team was relocated to Oklahoma City after the 2007–08 season.^[154] The Seattle Thunderbirds are a major-junior hockey team that plays in one of the Canadian major-junior hockey leagues, the WHL (Western Hockey League). The Thunderbirds currently play at KeyArena, but part way through the 2008–2009 season will move to nearby Kent, Washington.^[155] The Seattle Sounders FC,began play in Major League Soccer in 2009.^[156]

Seattle also boasts a strong history in collegiate sports, the University of Washington and Seattle University are NCAA Division I schools. The Major League Baseball All-Star game was held in Seattle twice, first at the Kingdome in 1979 and again at Safeco Field in 2001. That same year, the Seattle Mariners tied the all-time single regular season wins record with 116 wins. The NBA All-Star game was also held in Seattle twice, the first in 1974 at the Seattle Center Coliseum and the second in 1987 at the Kingdome.^[157]

In 2006, the new Qwest Field (Seattle Seahawks Stadium) hosted the 2005-06 NFC Championship. In 2008, Qwest Field hosted the first game of the 2007–08 NFL playoffs, in which the Seahawks defeated the Washington Redskins, 35–14. Qwest also serves as the home field for the Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer.

[edit] Outdoor activities

Green Lake Park, popular among runners, contains a 2.7-mile (4.3 km) trail circling the lake.

Seattle's mild, temperate marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, boating, team sports, and swimming.^[158] In town many people walk around Green Lake, through the forests and along the bluffs and beaches of 535-acre (2.2 km²) Discovery Park (the largest park in the city) in Magnolia, along the shores of Myrtle Edwards Park on the Downtown waterfront, along the shoreline of Lake Washington at Seward Park, or along Alki Beach in West Seattle. Also popular are hikes and skiing in the nearby Cascade or Olympic Mountains and kayaking and sailing in the waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia. In 2005, Men's Fitness magazine named Seattle the fittest city in the United States.^[159]

[edit] Economy

Six companies on the 2008 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: financial services company Washington Mutual (#97), Internet retailer Amazon.com (#171), coffee chain Starbucks (#277), department store Nordstrom (#299), insurance company Safeco Corporation (#388), and global logistics firm Expeditors International (#458).^[160] However, in April 2008, the sale of Safeco to Liberty Mutual was announced and in September 2008 Washington Mutual was seized by the FDIC and was sold to JPMorgan Chase.^[161]^[162] Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco Wholesale Corp. (#29), the largest company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#44) and Nintendo of America are located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#147), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer PACCAR (#169) and to international mobile telephony giant T-Mobile's U.S. subsidiary T-Mobile USA.^[160]

Washington Mutual's last headquarters, WaMu Center (center left) and its headquarters prior, Washington Mutual Tower (center right).

Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#27) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area.^[163] Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense.^[164] Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion.^[165] In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels.^[166]

Alaska Airlines, operating a hub at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, maintains headquarters in the city of SeaTac, next to the airport.^[167]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Seattle

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1870	1,151	—
1880	3,533	207.0%
1890	42,837	1,112.5%
1900	80,671	88.3%
1910	237,194	194.0%
1920	315,312	32.9%
1930	365,583	15.9%
1940	368,302	0.7%
1950	467,591	27.0%
1960	557,087	19.1%
1970	530,831	−4.7%
1980	493,846	−7.0%
1990	516,259	4.5%
2000	563,374	9.1%
Est. 2007	594,210	5.5%

According to the Washington State Office of Financial Management, Seattle had a population of 592,800 as of April 1, 2008.^[168] In the 2000 census interim measurements of 2006, there were 258,499 households and 113,400 families residing in the city.^[4]

According to the 2005–2007 American Community Survey, the city's population was 74.1 percent White (67.9 percent non-Hispanic-White alone), 16.6 percent Asian, 10.0 percent Black or African American, 2.2 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.9 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 3.1 percent from some other race and 4.2 percent from two or more races. 6.2 percent were Hispanic or Latino of any race.^[169]

In the 2000 census, 11.3 percent of respondents claimed German descent, 9.1 percent claimed Irish descent, 8.1 percent claimed English descent and 5.0 percent claimed Norwegian descent. As their first language, 80.1 percent spoke English, 4.2 percent Spanish, 2.3 percent Chinese or Mandarin, 2.0 percent Tagalog and 1.9 percent Vietnamese.^[170] Seattle has seen a major increase in immigration in recent decades: the foreign-born population increased 40 percent between the 1990 and 2000 censuses.^[171] At nearly 4 percent, Greater Seattle has the highest concentration of mixed-race persons of any major metropolitan area in the United States.^[172]

As of 1999, the median income of a city household was $45,736, and the median income for a family was $62,195. Males had a median income of $40,929 versus $35,134 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,306^[170] 11.8 percent of the population and 6.9 percent of families are below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 13.8 percent are under the age of 18 and 10.2 percent are 65 or older.^[170]

It is estimated that King County has 8,000 homeless on any given night, and many of those live in Seattle.^[173] In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of the near-term results of which is a shift of funding from homeless shelter beds to permanent housing.^[174]

In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per annum for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.^[175] However, Mayor Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60 percent, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and is working on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.^[175] The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim of increasing residential density in the city center.^[176]

A 2006 study by UCLA indicates that Seattle has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. With 12.9 percent of citizens polled identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the city ranks second of all major US cities, behind San Francisco and slightly ahead of Atlanta.^[177] Greater Seattle also ranks second among major US metropolitan areas, with 6.5 percent being LGBT.^[178]

According to the 2000 US census, revised 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8 percent.^[179]

[edit] Government and politics

Main article: Government and politics of Seattle

Seattle is a charter city, with a Mayor–Council form of government. Since 1911, Seattle's nine city councillors have been elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.^[180] The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All offices are non-partisan.^[181]

Seattle's politics are strongly leftist, although there is a small libertarian movement within the metro area.^[182] It is one of the most liberal cities in the United States, with approximately 80 percent voting Democrat; only two precincts in Seattle, one located in the Broadmoor community, and one encompassing neighboring Madison Park—had a majority of votes for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.^[182] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Seattle dominates Washington's 7th congressional district, home to Representative Jim McDermott, one of Congress' most liberal members.^[183]

[edit] Education

Main article: Education in Seattle

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 51.6 percent (vs. a national average of 24 percent) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 93 percent (vs. 80 percent nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.^[184] The city was listed as the most literate of the country's sixty-nine largest cities in 2005 and 2006 and second most literate in 2007, and tied for most literate again in 2008 in a study conducted by Central Connecticut State University.^[16]

Inside Suzzallo Library, University of Washington campus

Seattle Public Schools desegregated without a court order^[185] but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north).^[186] In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, but the ruling left the door open for desegregation formulae based on other indicators (e.g., income or socioeconomic class).^[187]

The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: five of the private high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and six are secular.^[188]

Seattle is home to one of the United States' most respected public research universities, the University of Washington. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited UW as the twenty-second best university in the world.^[189] Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, both founded by religious groups; universities aimed at the working adult, like City University and Antioch University; and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts and The Art Institute of Seattle. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as best college of the year, stating the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams".^[190]

[edit] Infrastructure

[edit] Health systems

Main article: Medical facilities of Seattle

The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's top leading institutions in medical research. Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970.^[191] In 1974, a 60 Minutes story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a heart attack".^[192]

Three of Seattle's largest medical centers are located on First Hill. Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital, is the only Level I trauma hospital serving Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.^[193] Virginia Mason Medical Center and Swedish Medical Center's two largest campuses are also located in this part of Seattle. This concentration of hospitals resulted in the neighborhood's nickname "Pill Hill".^[194]

Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood and also shares facilities with the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington Medical Center. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.

[edit] Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Seattle

Further information: Street layout of Seattle

Interstate 5 as it passes through downtown Seattle.

The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the arrival of trolleybuses brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.^[195]

King County Metro buses are an important public transportation connection between Seattle and its suburbs.

In 2005, 17 percent of Seattle's workforce used one of the three public transit systems that service the city according to a study by the U.S. Census Bureau.^[196] King County Metro provides a frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county and a streetcar line between South Lake Union and Westlake Center, the South Lake Union Streetcar.^[197] Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit currently operates an express bus service; the Sounder commuter rail service between the suburbs and downtown; and, beginning in the summer of 2009, the Central Link light rail line between downtown and Sea-Tac Airport, giving the city its first rapid transit line that has intermediate stops within the city limits. Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world,^[198] connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.^[198]

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners.

Seattle's streets are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North.^[199] Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south.

[edit] Utilities

Main article: Utilities of Seattle

Seattle Steam Company, one of Seattle's privately owned utility companies

Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light respectively. Other utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy (natural gas); Seattle Steam Company (steam); Waste Management, Inc and Allied Waste (curbside recycling and solid waste removal); and Verizon, Qwest and Comcast (telephone, Internet, and cable television).

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (July 10, 2008). "State's fastest-growing city is still Vancouver". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008044105_cities10m.html. Retrieved on July 10, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 5, 2007. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/cb07-51tbl2.pdf. Retrieved on September 27, 2007.
^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. July 10, 2008. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv. Retrieved on July 10, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Doree Armstrong (October 4, 2007). "Feel the beat of history in the park and concert hall at two family-friendly events". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/lifestyle/334284_fam05.html. Retrieved on November 1, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (November 4, 1998). "Seattle receives epithet Queen City in 1869". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=181. Retrieved on October 26, 2007.
^ "We're not in Washington Anymore". Seattlest. October 27, 2005. http://www.seattlest.com/archives/2005/10/27/were_not_in_washington_anymore.php. Retrieved on September 27, 2007.
^ "Google search for Rain City Seattle". Google. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Rain+City+Seattle. Retrieved on May 29, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Heylin, Clinton (2007). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge. Conongate. pp. 606. ISBN 1-84195-879-4.
^ ^a ^b Catharine Reynolds (September 29, 2002). "The List; Seattle: An Insider's Address Book". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDD1230F93AA1575AC0A9649C8B63. Retrieved on October 21, 2001. "…Seattle's coffee culture has become America's…"
^ "Starbucks Company Profile" (PDF). Starbucks. http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/Company_Profile.pdf. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ (1) Braiden Rex-Johnson; Tom Douglas (contributor) (2003). Pike Place Market Cookbook. Sasquatch Books. pp. 195. ISBN 1570613192.
(2) "Starbucks Corporation Completes Acquisition of Seattle Coffee Company". Business Wire. July 14, 2003. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2003_July_14/ai_105403289. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ Craig Harris (August 15, 2007). "Markets prompt Tully's to delay IPO". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/327672_tullyipo16.html. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Sandi Doughton (December 28, 2007). "Minneapolis ousts Seattle as most literate city". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004095919_literacy28m.html. Retrieved on December 28, 2007.
^ John W. Miller. "America's Most Literate Cities 2008". Central Connecticut State University. http://www.ccsu.edu/amlc08/. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.
^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US5363000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S1501&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-redoLog=false
^ "Personal income per capita grows". The Seattle Times. August 8, 2007. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003826358_bizbriefs08.html. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.
^ [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020621&slug=tti21m Seattle drops to fifth in traffic congestion - By Eric Pryne Seattle Times staff reporter]
^ (1) Greg Lange (October 15, 2000). "Seattle and King County's First White Settlers". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1660. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
(2) "The people and their land". Puget Sound Native Art and Culture. Seattle Art Museum. c. July 4, 2003 per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight". http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/learn/CDROM/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm. Retrieved on April 21, 2006.
(3) Crowley, Walt (March 13, 2003). ""Native American tribes sign Point Elliott Treaty at Mukilteo on January 22, 1855."". HistoryLink.org Essay 5402. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5402. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (March 8, 2003). "Luther Collins Party, first King County settlers, arrive at mouth of Duwamish River on September 14, 1851.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5390. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (December 16, 2000). "Collins party encounters Denny party scouts at Duwamish Head near future site of Seattle on September 27, 1851.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2765. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crowley, Walt (August 31, 1998). ""Seattle – a Snapshot History of Its Founding"". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=303. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ James R. Warren (October 23, 2001). "Seattle at 150: Charles Terry's unlimited energy influenced a city". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/43836_terry23.shtml. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (March 28, 2001). "Charles Terry homesteads site of Alki business district on May 1, 1852.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3142. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ (1) "Chief Si'ahl and His Family". Duwamish Tribe. July 22, 2004. http://www.duwamishtribe.org/chiefsiahl.html. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
Includes bibliography.
(2) Kenneth G. Watson (January 18, 2003). ""Seattle, Chief Noah"". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5071. Retrieved on October 14, 2007. (3) Morgan (1951, 1982), p.20
^ Greg Lange; Cassandra Tate (November 4, 1998). "Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=168. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (January 14, 1999). "Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition's final day is on October 16, 1909.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=696. Retrieved on November 6, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Emmett Shear (Spring 2002). "Seattle: Booms and Busts". Yale University. http://pantheon.yale.edu/~eds25/DrizzlyCity.rtf. Retrieved on October 1, 2007. Author has granted blanket permission for material from that paper to be reused in Wikipedia. This article is no longer available. Now available at wikisource:Seattle: Booms and Busts.
^ Junius Rochester (October 7, 1998). "Yesler, Henry L.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=286. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ George Kinnear (January 1, 1911). "Anti-Chinese Riots At Seattle, Wn.. February 8, 1876". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Chinese_Riots_At_Seattle. Retrieved on October 4, 2007. Kinnear's article originally appeared in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and was later privately published in a small volume.
^ Walt Crowley (January 25, 2003). "Seattle burns down in the Great Fire on June 6, 1889.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5115. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Hard Drive to the Klondike: Promoting Seattle During the Gold Rush". National Park Service. February 18, 2003. http://www.nps.gov/klse/hrs/hrs0.htm. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ J. Kingston Pierce (November 24, 1999). "Panic of 1893: Seattle's First Great Depression.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2030. Retrieved on December 18, 2008.
^ Greg Lange (January 14, 1999). "Klondike Gold Rush". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=687. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (May 5, 2003). "Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition opens for a 138-day run on June 1, 1909.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5371. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Patrick McRoberts (February 4, 1999). "Seattle General Strike, 1919, Part I". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=861. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ BOLA Architecture + Planning & Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., Port of Seattle North Bay Project DEIS: Historic and Cultural Resources, Port of Seattle, April 5, 2005, p. 12-13 (which is p. 14-15 of the PDF). Accessed online July 25, 2008.
^ "History of Seattle: The "Jet City" Takes Off". Seattle's Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061002171554/http://www.seeseattle.org/media/presskits/PKHistory.asp. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Alan J. Stein (April 18, 2000). "Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Part I". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2290. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (June 8, 1999). "Billboard appears on April 16, 1971, near Sea–Tac, reading: Will the Last Person Leaving Seattle—Turn Out the Lights.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1287. Retrieved on October 1, 2007. The real estate agents were Bob McDonald and Jim Youngren, as cited at Don Duncan, Washington: the First One Hundred Years, 1889–1989 (Seattle: The Seattle Times, 1989), 108, 109–110; The Seattle Times, February 25, 1986, p. A3; Ronald R. Boyce, Seattle–Tacoma and the Southern Sound (Bozeman, Montana: Northwest Panorama Publishing, 1986), 99; Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 297.
^ Kristi Heim (March 21, 2006). "Chicago's got the headquarters, but Seattle's still Jet City, USA". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002876673_boeingimage20.html. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Natalie Singer (September 7, 2006). "23 years haven't erased grief caused by Wah Mee Massacre". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003247239_wahmee07m.html. Retrieved on December 18, 2008.
^ "Information for Students: Key Events In Microsoft History" (doc). Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information. http://www.microsoft.com/about/companyinformation/visitorcenter/student.mspx. Retrieved on October 1, 2005.
^ Strategic Planning Office (April 12, 2001). "Decennial Population" (PDF). City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/stellent/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpds_006755.pdf. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Jane Hodges (August 20, 2005). "Seattle area "sticker shock" is a matter of perception". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/realestate/2002446059_homeprices21.html?syndication=rss&source=realestate.xml&items=7. Retrieved on September 29, 2007.
^ Lee Gomes (November 8, 2006). "The Dot-Com Bubble Is Reconsidered – And Maybe Relived". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB116294042194116133-tQxnyU5mE6PaQdO9xT1_uaFusQs_20061208.html. Retrieved on October 4, 2007. Gomes considers the bubble to have ended with the peak of the March 2000 peak of NASDAQ.
^ David M. Ewalt (January 27, 2005). "The Bubble Bowl". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2005/01/27/cx_de_0127bubblebowl.html. Retrieved on October 4, 2007. Ewalt refers to the advertising on Super Bowl XXXIV (January 2000) as "the dot-com bubble's Waterloo".
^ David Wilma (February 25, 2004). "Ted Turner's Goodwill Games open in Seattle on July 20, 1990.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5658. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Pray, D., Helvey-Pray Productions. (1996). Hype!. Republic Pictures.
^ David Wilma (March 1, 2000). "Protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) continue on December 1, 1999.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2141. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ "Double dose of woe strikes historic Seattle neighborhood". CNN.com. March 1, 2001. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/03/01/quake.pioneersq/index.html. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ "Chapter Three – Native American Cultures". The First Americans. Four Directions. http://www.fourdir.com/chapter_3_native_american_cultures.htm. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
^ Howard Morphy (1999). "Traditional and modern visual art of hunting and gathering peoples". in Richard B. Lee. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge University Press. p. 443. ISBN 052157109X.
^ Department of Transportation. "Highest Elevations in Seattle and The Twenty Steepest Streets in Seattle". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/steepest.htm. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Schulz, William H. (November 15, 2006). "Landslide susceptibility revealed by LIDAR imagery and historical records, Seattle, Washington" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. http://landslides.usgs.gov/docs/schulz/lidar_enggeo.pdf. Retrieved on March 5, 2009.
^ Peterson, Lorin & Davenport, Noah C. (1950), Living in Seattle, Seattle: Seattle Public Schools, p. 44.
^ ^a ^b Walt Crowley (March 2, 2001). "Earthquake registering 6.8 on Richter Scale jolts Seattle and Puget Sound on February 28, 2001". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3039. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Greg Lange (January 1, 2000). "Earthquake hits Puget Sound area on April 13, 1949". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2063. Retrieved on October 5, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Greg Lange (March 2, 2000). "Earthquake rattles Western Washington on April 29, 1965". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1986. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ "Seattle Fault Zone – implications for earthquake hazards". United States Geological Survey. June 15, 2007. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/activefaults/sfz/sfzhaz.php. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Ray Flynn; Kyle Fletcher (July 2, 2002). "The Cascadia Subduction Zone – What is it? How big are the quakes? How Often?". University of Washington Department of Earth and Space Sciences. http://www.ess.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ ^a ^b ^c National Climatic Data Center. "Cloudiness – Mean Number of Days". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html. Retrieved on November 1, 2007.
^ "World Climates after Köppen-Geiger". Shasta College. http://www3.shastacollege.edu/dscollon/images/Maps-Images/world_climate_map.jpg. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ M. Kottek; J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15: 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "What Is The Olympic Rain Shadow?". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komotv.com/weather/faq/rain_shadow.asp. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Monthly Averages for Seattle, WA". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USWA0395. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Study Reveals Top 10 Wettest U.S. Cities | LiveScience
^ "5 Dead in Washington Storm". Kiro TV News. http://www.kirotv.com/weather/14758195/detail.html. Retrieved on January 24, 2009.
^ "Precipitation Averages for Seattle, WA". Sperling's Best Places. http://www.bestplaces.net/climate/details.aspx?cat=Precipitation&wmo=727930. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Seattle Weather Records". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komotv.com/weather/faq/4310942.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Seattle Weather and Climate". Seattle 101 – A Guide for Travelers and Tourists. City of Seattle. http://www.cityofseattle.net/html/visitor/weather.htm. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "What is the Puget Sound Convergence Zone?". KOMOTV.com. http://www.komotv.com/weather/faq/convergence_zone.asp. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ David Wilma (December 27, 2006). "Hunukkah eve wind storm ravages Western Washington on December 14 and 15, 2006.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=8042. Retrieved on October 1, 2007.
^ Randolph E. Schmid (October 10, 2006). "El Niño could cause Northwest drought, mild winter elsewhere, forecasters say". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003297665_webnino10.html. Retrieved on November 1, 2007.
^ Nick Perry (February 23, 2005). "Lack of snow may take toll". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002162116_snowpack27m.html. Retrieved on November 1, 2007.
^ "NOW Data-NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sew. Retrieved on 04/8/2009.
^ Greg Lange (January 1, 1999). "Seattle doubles in size by annexing north-of-downtown communities on May 3, 1891.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2214. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (January 17, 1999). "Seattle annexes South Seattle on October 20, 1905.". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=731. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (January 1, 2000). "City of Seattle annexes six towns including Ballard and West Seattle in 1907.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1954. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ David Wilma (February 10, 2001). "Georgetown (later a Seattle neighborhood) incorporates as a city on January 8, 1904.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2978. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ David Wilma (October 12, 2005). "Seattle annexes the area north of N 85th Street to N 145th Street on January 4, 1954.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7514. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Greg Nickels (July 2005). "Nickels Newsletter – July 2005". http://www.seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Jack Broom (October 5, 2002). "New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood". Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
^ Walt Crowley (May 7, 2001). "Seattle's Little City Halls – A Snapshot History". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3270. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
^ "Community Events". Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070625125907/http://www.seafair.com/events/community/. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
^ Walt Crowley (May 11, 1999). "University District (Seattle) Street Fair is first held May 23 and 24, 1970". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1126. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
^ For an overview of Seattle's neighborhood farmers markets see: "Markets". Neighborhood Farmers Market Alliance. http://www.seattlefarmersmarkets.org/markets. Retrieved on October 11, 2007. For the scale of one of the larger markets (in the University District, see: "University District Farmers Market". Neighborhood Farmers Market Alliance. http://www.seattlefarmersmarkets.org/markets/u_district. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
^ Angela Galloway (May 30, 2006). "Neighboring cities jockey to grab North Highline". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/272069_highline30.html. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
^ Kathy Mulady; Debera Carlton Harrell (April 24, 2006). "City looking to breathe new life into Seattle Center". The Seattle Times. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/267794_seattlecenter24.asp. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (March 5, 2003). "Seattle's Smith Tower, tallest building west of Ohio, is dedicated on July 4, 1914.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5370. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ David Wilma (August 25, 2005). "Columbia Center, tallest building in Pacific Northwest, opens doors on March 2, 1985.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2627. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ Casey McNerthney (February 23, 2007). "Firefighters take 69 floors for leukemia". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/304900_climb23.html. Retrieved on October 22, 2007.
^ "Washington Mutual Tower opens in downtown Seattle in 1988.". HistoryLink. June 30, 2001. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3417. Retrieved on October 31, 2007.
^ Barry Cullingworth; Roger W. Caves (1997). Planning in the USA: Policies, Issues, and Processes. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-415-24788-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5zYpZxUrUtAC&pg=RA1-PA95&lpg=RA1-PA95&dq=%22washington+mutual+tower%22+second+tallest&source=web&ots=YyMqNYqkbJ&sig=Re-QMkH4B6KiEZQFwhuhTjDCB2w.
^ "Original Starbucks". City of Seattle. http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/html/visitor/starbucks.htm. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ "About Nitze-Stagen". Nitze-Stagen & Co., Inc.. http://www.nitze-stagen.com/aboutus.html. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ "Impromptu query for Seattle, Washington". National Register Information System. http://www.nr.nps.gov/iwisapi/explorer.dll?IWS_SCHEMA=NRIS1&IWS_LOGIN=1&IWS_REPORT=100000039. Retrieved on November 1, 2007.
^ "Nomination and Designation Processes". Landmarks and Designation. Department of Neighborhoods, City of Seattle. https://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/designation_process.htm. Retrieved on January 9, 2009.
^ "Recordings and Broadcasts". Seattle Symphony. http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/meet/recordings/. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
^ "History". Seattle Symphony Orchestra. http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/meet/history/. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "About the School". Pacific Northwest Ballet. http://www.pnb.org/pnbschool/philosophy.html. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
^ "Met Opera and Seattle Opera to Co-Produce Gluck’s Final Operatic Masterpiece "Iphigénie en Tauride"". Press release. Metropolitan Opera. December 18, 2006. http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/news/press/detail.aspx?id=274. Retrieved on October 21, 2007. This press release from New York's Metropolitan Opera describes the Seattle Opera as "one of the leading opera companies in the United States… recognized internationally…"
^ "Wagner". Seattle Opera. http://www.seattleopera.org/discover/wagner/index.aspx. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ Matthew Westphal (August 21, 2006). "Seattle Opera's First International Wagner Competition Announces Winners". Playbill Arts. http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/5090.html. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ "Home page". SYSO. http://www.syso.org/. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ The Seattle Times, July 6, 2008
^ Eric L. Flom (April 21, 2002). "Fifth (5th) Avenue Theatre". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3750. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
^ Examples of local talent are Billy Joe Huels (lead singer of the Dusty 45s starring in Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story and Sarah Rudinoff in Wonderful Town. National-level stars include Stephen Lynch in The Wedding Singer, which went on to Broadway and Cathy Rigby in Peter Pan
(1) "Seattle World Premiere of Cry-Baby Delayed. Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story Added to Season". The 5th Avenue Theatre. October 11, 2006. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/buddy-announced.aspx. Retrieved on February 19, 2007.
(2) "Wonderful Town: A Madcap Manhattan Romp". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2006. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/wt_cast.aspx. Retrieved on October 25, 2007.
(3) Misha Berson (February 11, 2006). "Eager-to-please new musical raids the '80s". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/theaterarts/2002797878_wedding11.html. Retrieved on October 25, 2007.
(4) "Show Archives". The 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/showarchives.aspx. Retrieved on October 25, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Brendan Kiley (January 31, 2008). "Old Timers, New Theater". The Stranger. p. 27. http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=496361. Retrieved on January 9, 2009. "around 100 theater companies ... Twenty-eight have some sort of Actors' Equity contract ..."
^ "Theatre Producers and Presenters". Seattle Performs. http://seattleperforms.com/content/view/7/17/. Retrieved on October 26, 2007. Lists 145 theatrical production companies in the Seattle metropolitan area, the majority of them in the city. The list is certainly not complete.
^ (1) "Theater Calendar". The Stranger. October 18, 2007. p. 45. This lists 23 distinct venues in Seattle hosting live theater (in the narrow sense) that week; it also lists 7 other venues hosting burlesque or cabaret, and three hosting improv. In any given week, some theaters are "dark".
(2) Misha Berson (February 16, 2005). "A new wave of fringe theater groups hits Seattle". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002557462_fringe16.html. Retrieved on October 26, 2007. This article mentions five fringe theater groups that were new at that time, each with a venue.
^ Daniel C. Schechter (2002). Pacific Northwest. Lonely Planet. p. 33. ISBN 1864503777.
^ Stuart Eskenazi (March 1, 2005). "Where culture goes to town". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002193046_townhall01m.html. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clark Humphrey (May 4, 2000). "Rock Music – Seattle". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2374. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ Seattle_Music, the best nightclub Seattle ever had was named Pier 70 Chowder House with the best disk jocky named David Prince
^ Lori Patrick (August 2, 2007). "Skip your commute for a "Traffic Jam" with a twist, a Hip Hop & Spoken Word Mashup at City Hall, Aug. 16". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=7593&deptID=1. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.
^ "Indie and Team Semis results". National Poetry Slam 2006. August 12, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060830062934/http://www.austinslam.com/nps06/. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.
^ "Home". Seattle Poetry Slam. http://www.seattlepoetryslam.org/. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.
^ John Marshall (August 19, 2007). "Eleventh Hour's volunteers deserve credit for a strong poetry fest revival". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/books/312352_poetry20.html. Retrieved on October 6, 2007.
^ Kristin Dizon (June 10, 2004). "Now showing in Seattle: an explosion of indie theaters". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/movies/177098_littletheaters10.html. Retrieved on January 9, 2009.
^ "The Theater". Seattle Cinerama. http://www.cinerama.com/TemplateMain.aspx?contentId=9. Retrieved on January 9, 2009.
^ Moira Macdonald (February 23, 2003). "Looking back at Cinerama format". The Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030228&slug=cinerama28. Retrieved on January 9, 2009.
^ "Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce". http://www.djc.com/. Retrieved on November 3, 2007.
^ (1) John Marshall (February 7, 2002). "Rumble in the weekly-newspaper jungle". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/lifestyle/57274_newswar07.shtml. Retrieved on October 28, 2007.
(2) Mike Lewis (August 17, 2006). "A new history at Seattle Weekly". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/281567_seaweekly17.html. Retrieved on October 28, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Seattle-Area TV & Radio Stations and Their Formats". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/tv/radiolistings.shtml. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ Brier Dudley (April 30, 2007). "At KEXP, technology and music embrace". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003686534_brier30.html. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ "Top Green Websites". Time. 2007. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1730759_1731034,00.html. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ "Cruise Seattle". Port of Seattle. http://www.portseattle.org/seaport/cruise/. Retrieved on November 6, 2007.
^ Annie Wagner (May 25-31, 2006). "Everything SIFF". The Stranger. http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=34784. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Judy Chia Hui Hsu (July 23, 2007). "Rains wash records away". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003801605_rain23m.html. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Casey McNerthney (August 14, 2007). "Where there's smoke, there's Hempfest". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/328174_hempfest18.html. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Misha Berson (September 3, 2007). "Strong attendance, but not a record: 8:30 p.m.". Report from Bumbershoot: Monday (The Seattle Times). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003866959_webbumbermon.html. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Murakami, Kery (June 23, 2006). "Gay pride events multiply". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/275075_pride23.html. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
^ "Create Your Seattle Center Experience". Seattle Center. http://www.seattlecenter.com/events/festivals/festal/default.asp. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ "Home page". The Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show. http://www.seattlebookfair.com/. Retrieved on October 26, 2007.
^ "Sakura-Con English-language site". Asia Northwest Cultural Education Association. http://www.sakuracon.org/index.php?langset=e. Retrieved on October 25, 2007. Relevant information is on "Location" and "History" pages.
^ Regina Hackett (August 24, 2007). "Video games rule at Penny Arcade Expo". Seattle Post Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/videogames/329002_penny25.html. Retrieved on October 26, 2007.
^ "Home page". Three Dollar Bill Cinema. http://seattlequeerfilm.org/. Retrieved on October 25, 2007.
^ Amy Rolph (July 13, 2007). "9,000 bicyclists ready to ride in annual event". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/323722_bikeride14.html. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ "About the Henry". Henry Art Gallery. http://www.henryart.org/info.htm. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Dave Wilma. "Seattle Art Museum opens in Volunteer Park on June 23, 1933.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2082. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Carrie E.A. Scott. "And the Galleries Marched in Two by Two". Visual Codec. http://www.visualcodec.com/content/articles/20060501cscott.html. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ "About SOIL". SOIL Gallery. http://soilart.org/about/index.htm. Retrieved on October 27, 2007.
^ "About the gallery". Crawl Space Gallery. http://crawlspacegallery.com/aboutgallery.htm. Retrieved on October 27, 2007.
^ Walt Crowley (July 8, 1999). "Woodland Park Zoo – A Snapshot History". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1481. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Patrick McRoberts (January 1, 1999). "Seattle Aquarium opens to excited crowds on May 20, 1977.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2178. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ "Seattle Underground Tour". USA Today. October 24, 2006. http://rss.usatoday.mlogic3g.com/detail.jsp?key=515006&rc=at_st_cg_tr. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ "Community Centers". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/parks/centers.asp. Retrieved on October 21, 2007.
^ Greg Lange (March 14, 2003). "Seattle Metropolitan hockey team wins the Stanley Cup on March 26, 1917.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5414. Retrieved on September 29, 2007.
^ Cassandra Tate (May 25, 2005). "Seattle Storm wins WNBA championship on October 12, 2004.". HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7330. Retrieved on September 29, 2007.
^ "NBA approves Sonics' move to Oklahoma amid legal wrangling". KOMO-TV. April 18, 2008. http://www.komotv.com/news/17916284.html. Retrieved on April 18, 2008.
^ "Preliminaries are Over; Kent to Become Home to Events Center". City of Kent. July 27, 2007. http://www.ci.kent.wa.us/newsreleases/page.aspx?id=2660. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ "Seattle Sounders to announce they're moving to up to MLS". The Province (Canada.com). November 6, 2007. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/sports/story.html?id=32090787-84c9-4453-93ab-4b717fcb7a78. Retrieved on November 8, 2007.
^ "2001 All-Star Game". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. July 11, 2001. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/allstar/. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
^ Richard C. Berner (1991). Seattle 1900-1920: From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration. Seattle: Charles Press. pp. p. 97. ISBN 0962988901.
^ "Seattle named fittest city in America". MSNBC. January 6, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6790560/. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Fortune 500 list for Washington". Fortune Magazine. May 5, 2008. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/WA.html. Retrieved on December 28, 2008.
^ Bloomberg News (April 28, 2008). "Liberty Mutual agrees to buy Safeco Deal may signal start of insurance mergers". Chicago Tribune. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/apr/24/business/chi-thu_liberty-mutual-safecoapr24. Retrieved on December 28, 2008.
^ Dash, Eric; Andrew Ross Sorkin (September 26, 2008). "Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets". Business (The New York Times): p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html. Retrieved on September 26, 2008.
^ "Locke Unveils Boeing 7E7 Tax Cut Wish List". KOMO News. June 9, 2003. http://www.komotv.com/news/archive/4095196.html. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ George Howland Jr. (May 23, 2004). 23, 2004/news/the-billion-dollar-neighborhood.php "The Billion-Dollar Neighborhood". Seattle Weekly. http://www.seattleweekly.com/June 23, 2004/news/the-billion-dollar-neighborhood.php. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Bill King (August 15, 2006). "2006 Mayor's Challenge: Where Are the Best Metros for Future Business Locations?". Expansion Magazine. http://www.expansionmanagement.com/smo/newsviewer/default.asp?cmd=articledetail&articleid=17713&st=3. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Sara Clemence (July 14, 2005). "Most Overpriced Places In The U.S. 2005". Forbes magazine. http://www.forbes.com/realestate/2005/07/14/overpriced-cities-lifestyle-cx_sc_0715home_ls.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Media Contacts: Alaska Airlines". Alaska Airlines. http://www.alaskasworld.com/Newsroom/ASnews/media.asp. Retrieved on December 11, 2008.
^ Washington State Office of Financial Management (June 30, 2008). "April 1 Population of Cities, Towns, and Counties Used for Allocation of Selected State Revenues, State of Washington" (PDF). Washington State Office of Financial Management. http://www.ofm.wa.gov/pop/april1/finalpop2008.pdf. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
^ "Seattle city, Washington". ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2005-2007. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US5363000&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved on January 13, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Census 2000, Summary File 3" (PDF). City of Seattle. September 17, 2002. 32–33, 52–54. http://www.ofm.wa.gov/census2000/dp58/pl/63000.pdf. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Seattle in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000". The Brookings Institute. November 2003. http://www.brookings.org/es/urban/livingcities/seattle.htm. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Lornet Turnbull (September 28, 2008). "Obama's presidential run has many others of mixed race looking at how they describe themselves". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008210083_biracial280.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2008.
^ "A Roof Over Every Bed in King County" within ten years". The Committee to End Homelessness in King County. http://www.cehkc.org/DOC_plan/10-YearPlanFinal.pdf. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Council Adopts Strategies to Implement "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness"". King County. September 19, 2005. http://www.metrokc.gov/mkcc/news/2005/0905/Ten_Year_Plan.htm. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Bob Young (August 15, 2006). "Nickels backs 60 percent increase in city's population by 2040". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003199361_population15m.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2009.
^ Bob Young (April 4, 2006). "High-rise boom coming to Seattle?". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=buildingheights04m&date=20060404&query=height+limits. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ Lornet Turnbull (November 16, 2006). "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003432940_gays16m.html?syndication=rss. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy (October 2006). "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/SameSexCouplesandGLBpopACS.pdf. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ US Census Bureau (March 16, 2004). "City and County Data Book 2000: Cities with 100,000 or More Population Ranked by Subject" (TXT). US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cit3060r.txt. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
^ "Seattle City Council Members, 1869-Present Chronological Listing". Seattle City Archives. http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/Facts/councilchron.htm. Retrieved on July 19, 2008.
^ Ethics and Elections Commission. "Seattle Form of Government". City of Seattle. http://www2.ci.seattle.wa.us/ethics/votersguide.asp?e=20071106&p=01_03. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Neil Modie (August 15, 2005). "Where have Seattle's lefties gone?". The Seattle Times. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/236320_liberal12.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Special Report: 2006 Vote Ratings House Liberal Scores". National Journal. http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/house/lib.htm. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "ACS: Ranking Table -- Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed a Bachelor's Degree". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R02T160.htm. Retrieved on August 27, 2008.
^ "Parents involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 Et Al." (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. June 28, 2007. http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-908.pdf. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ Cassandra Tate (September 7, 2002). "Busing in Seattle: A Well-Intentioned Failure". HistoryLink. http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3939. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ "High court rejects school integration plans". The Seattle Times. June 28, 2007. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003766015_webrace28m.html. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ "School Guide". The Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/schoolguide/search.php?search=criteria&grade_low=9&grade_high=12&school_city=Seattle&district_id=&school_zip=ZIP+code&pl_code%5B%5D=P. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
^ "The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities". Newsweek International Edition. August 13, 2006. Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070315053646/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/. Retrieved on November 2, 2007.
^ Andrew Goldstein (September 10, 2001). "Seattle Central". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000725,00.html. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
^ "Cobb honored as one of "Resuscitation Greats"". UW School of Medicine Online News. August 16, 2002. http://depts.washington.edu/mednews/vol6/no33/cobb.html. Retrieved on September 29, 2007.
^ "King County Medic One: A History of Excellence". King County. March 29, 2007. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/medicone/history.htm. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
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[edit] Bibliography

Jones, Nard (1972). Seattle. New York City: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-01875-4.

Morgan, Murray (1982 (originally published 1951, 1982 revised and updated, first illustrated edition)). Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95846-4.

Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (1998 (originally published 1994)). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 029597365X. ISBN 0295973668.

Sale, Roger (1976). Seattle: Past To Present. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95615-1.

Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-02-6.
Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851–1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-00-X, ISBN 0-914890-06-9.

[edit] Further reading

Klingle, Matthew (2007). Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300116411.

MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Seattle, the city of destiny" (DJVU). Leaves of knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. OCLC 61326250. http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63.

Pierce, J. Kingston (2003). Eccentric Seattle: Pillars and Pariahs Who Made the City Not Such a Boring Place After All. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-269-2.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Seattle, Washington

Official website
Historylink.org, history of Seattle and Washington.
Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
Seattle, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Seattle travel guide from Wikitravel

[edit] Related information

v • d • e Seattle neighborhoods

Ballard · Beacon Hill · Belltown · Bitter Lake · Blue Ridge · Broadmoor · Broadview · Bryant · Capitol Hill · Cascade · Central District · Central Waterfront · Cherry Hill · Crown Hill · Denny Regrade · Denny-Blaine · Downtown · Eastlake · First Hill · Fremont · Georgetown · Green Lake · Greenwood · Harbor Island · Industrial District · Interbay · International District · Judkins · Lake City (Cedar Park, Matthews Beach, Meadowbrook, Olympic Hills, Victory Heights) · Laurelhurst · Leschi · Lower Queen Anne · Madison Park · Madison Valley · Madrona · Magnolia · Montlake · Mount Baker · New Holly · Northgate (Haller Lake, Licton Springs, Maple Leaf, Pinehurst) · Phinney Ridge · Pioneer Square · Queen Anne · Rainier Beach · Rainier Valley (Brighton, Columbia City, Dunlap) · Rainier View · Ravenna · Roosevelt · Sand Point · Seward Park · Sodo · South Lake Union · South Park · Squire Park · University District · University Village · View Ridge · Wallingford (Meridian, Northlake) · Washington Park · Wedgwood · Westlake · West Seattle · Windermere

West Seattle is further divided into: Alki · Arbor Heights · Delridge (Highland Park, High Point, North Delridge, Pigeon Point, Riverview, Roxhill, South Delridge) · Fairmount Park · Fauntleroy · Gatewood · Genesee · North Admiral · Seaview

v • d • e Municipalities and communities of King County, Washington

County seat: Seattle

Cities	Algona \| Auburn‡ \| Bellevue \| Black Diamond \| Bothell‡ \| Burien \| Carnation \| Clyde Hill \| Covington \| Des Moines \| Duvall \| Enumclaw‡ \| Federal Way \| Issaquah \| Kenmore \| Kent \| Kirkland \| Lake Forest Park \| Maple Valley \| Medina \| Mercer Island \| Milton‡ \| Newcastle \| Normandy Park \| North Bend \| Pacific‡ \| Redmond \| Renton \| Sammamish \| SeaTac \| Seattle \| Shoreline \| Snoqualmie \| Tukwila \| Woodinville

Towns	Beaux Arts Village \| Hunts Point \| Skykomish \| Yarrow Point

CDPs	Ames Lake \| Baring \| Bryn Mawr-Skyway \| Cascade-Fairwood \| Cottage Lake \| East Hill-Meridian \| East Renton Highlands \| Eastgate \| Fall City \| Hobart \| Inglewood-Finn Hill \| Kingsgate \| Lake Marcel-Stillwater \| Lake Morton-Berrydale \| Lakeland North \| Lakeland South \| Lea Hill \| Maple Heights-Lake Desire \| Mirrormont \| Ravensdale \| Riverbend \| Riverton-Boulevard Park \| Tanner \| Union Hill-Novelty Hill \| Vashon \| West Lake Sammamish \| White Center

Unincorporated communities	Burton \| Bayne \| Cumberland \| Dockton \| Ernie's Grove \| Grotto \| Hot Springs \| Kangley \| Klahanie \| Palmer \| Portage \| Preston \| Wellington

Footnotes	‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

State of Washington

Olympia (capital)

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Smaller cities

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v • d • e Seattle metropolitan area

Central cities	Seattle • Tacoma • Bellevue • Everett

Outer cities	Bremerton • Mount Vernon • Oak Harbor • Silverdale • Anacortes • Shelton• Olympia

Central counties	King • Pierce • Snohomish

Outer counties	Thurston • Kitsap • Skagit • Island • Mason

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