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1929

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Decades: 1890s  1900s  1910s  - 1920s -  1930s  1940s  1950s
Years: 1926 1927 1928 - 1929 - 1930 1931 1932
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v • d • e

The year 1929 (see full calendar) was a Gregorian calendar year in the 20th century.

The year marked the end of a period known in American history as the Roaring Twenties after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide Great Depression.

In Asia, China and the Soviet Union engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, which ended with a resumption of joint administration. In the Soviet Union, General Secretary Joseph Stalin expelled Leon Trotsky and adopted a policy of collectivization. The Grand Trunk Express began service in India.

Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint Antarctic Research Expedition. Western Australia celebrated its centenary.

In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the Cristero War, a counter-revolution in Mexico. A British high court ruled that Canadian women are persons. In the United States, the first Academy Awards for film were held in Los Angeles, while in New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opened. Peru created an air force.

In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the Lateran Treaty. The Idionymon law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent. Spain hosted the Ibero-American Exposition which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The British Broadcasting Company broadcasted a television transmission for the first time. The German airship Graf Zeppelin flew around the world in 21 days.

In the Middle East, rioting occurred between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the Western Wall. Mohammed Nadir Shah became King of Afghanistan.

In international affairs, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went into effect.

Contents

[edit] Events

[edit] January–February

January 2: Niagara agreement.
Feb.26: Grand Teton National Park.

[edit] March–April

[edit] May–June

[edit] July–August

[edit] September–October

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression

[edit] November–December

[edit] Summary

This section requires expansion.

[edit] Middle East and Asia

On August 16 of this year the 1929 Palestine riots broke out between Arabs and Jews over control of the Western Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,[4] continued until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed.[5][6] Two of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August 23 and August 24 1929 Hebron massacre, in which 65-68 Jews were killed by Arabs and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron. The Arabs had been told that Jews were killing Arabs. Jews would not return to Hebron until after the Six Day War in 1967.[7] The other major clash was the 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18-20 Jews by were killed by Arabs in Safed in similar fashion.[8] Elsewhere in the Middle East, Iraq took a big step toward gaining independence from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, constantly resisted British efforts to control or restrict them. In September, Britain announced that it would support Iraq's inclusion in the League of Nations, this signaled the beginning of the end of their direct control of the region.[9]

Early in 1929, the Afghani leader King Amanullah lost power through revolution and civil war to Amir Habibullah II. Habibulah's rule, however, only lasted nine months. Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.[10] In neighboring India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British.[11] On December 29, the All India Congress in Lahore declared Indian independence from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status.[12] China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of Hailar and Manchouli before issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms on November 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria.[13] The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems.[14]

[edit] Europe

In 1929, the Fascist Party in Italy tightened its control. National education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.[15] In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.[15] On February 11, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state.[16] On July 25, Pope Pius XI emerged from the Vatican and entered St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.[17] Italy used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.[18] Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the Weimar Republic until foreign investors withdrew their German interests. This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.[19] On July 27, the Geneva Convention, held in Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems encountered during WWI.[20]

On May 31, the British general election returned a hung parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would have power. These elections were known as the "Flapper" elections due to the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could vote.[21] A week after the vote, on June 7 the Conservatives conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. Ramsay MacDonald founded a new Labour government the next day.[22] 1929 is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great Depression. The Third Republic had been in power since before WWI. On July 24 French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by Aristide Briand. Briand adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, went into effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in 1928 by most leading world powers).[23] The French began work on the Maginot line in this year, as a defense against a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the United States of Europe.[24] On October 22 Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by Andre Tardieu.[25] Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in Spain experienced growing among students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.[26]

In January, Joseph Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union by sending Leon Trotsky into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help in their civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.[27] Stalin then turned on his former political ally, Nikolai Bukharin, who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin's New Economic Policy into opposition.[28] In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of the Great Breakthrough" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry.[29]

The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascist Lapua Movement on November 23 in a demonstration in Lapua. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism.[30] The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.[31] Politics in Lithunia was also very heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt in Kaunas.[32] Later, while attending a meeting of the League of Nations, he was ousted in a coup by President Smetona, who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office, Geležinis Vilkas went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany.[32] Yugoslavia was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" as King Alexander sought to unite the Balkans under his rule.[33] The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.[34]

[edit] North America

See also: 1929 in the United States

In October 1929, the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overturned a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada that women could not be members of the legislature. This case, which came to be known as the Persons Case, had important ramifications not just for women's rights but also because in overturning the case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that has come to be known as the "living tree doctrine". The five women who initiated the case are known in Canada as the Famous Five.[35] In November, the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurred off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake centered on Grand Banks, broke 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggered a tsunami that destroyed many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada's most lethal earthquake).[36]

The Mexican Cristero War continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed. Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and more religious control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power, a party which was, ironically, foreigners saw as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz Rubio. By this time, the war had ended.[37] The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US Ambassador Dwight Morrow initiated talks between parties. On June 21 an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On June 27, church bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. However, the agreement favored the government heavily, as Priests were required to register with the government and religion was banned from schools.[38]

The major event of the year for the United states was the stock market crash on Wall Street, which was to have international effects. On September 3, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaked at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. Then, from October 24 – October 29, stock prices suffered three multi-digit percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government). On December 3 U.S. President Herbert Hoover announced to the U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation, and that the American people had regained faith in the economy.

[edit] Australia and Pacific Isles

[edit] Africa

The Casablanca Stock Exchange is founded.

[edit] Sports

[edit] Literature, arts, and entertainment

Main article: 1929 in the arts

[edit] Science and technology

Main article: 1929 in science

[edit] Births

1929 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1929
MCMXXIX
Ab urbe condita 2682
Armenian calendar 1378
ԹՎ ՌՅՀԸ
Bahá'í calendar 85 – 86
Berber calendar 2879
Buddhist calendar 2473
Burmese calendar 1291
Byzantine calendar 7437 – 7438
Chinese calendar 戊辰年十一月廿一日
(4565/4625-11-21)
— to —
己巳年十二月初一日
(4566/4626-12-1)
Coptic calendar 1645 – 1646
Ethiopian calendar 1921 – 1922
Hebrew calendar 5689 – 5690
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1984 – 1985
 - Shaka Samvat 1851 – 1852
 - Kali Yuga 5030 – 5031
Holocene calendar 11929
Iranian calendar 1307 – 1308
Islamic calendar 1347 – 1348
Japanese calendar Shōwa 4
(昭和4年)
Korean calendar 4262
Thai solar calendar 2472
v • d • e

[edit] January–February

[edit] March–April

[edit] May–June

[edit] July–August

[edit] September–October

[edit] November–December

[edit] Deaths

[edit] January–June

[edit] July–December

[edit] Nobel prizes

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b Rezun, Miron (1981). The Soviet Union and Iran. Brill Archive. pp. 148. ISBN 9028626212. http://books.google.com/books?id=vceInEkXX74C. 
  2. ^ Stockings, Craig (2007). The Torch and the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia. UNSW Press. pp. 86. ISBN 0868408387. http://books.google.com/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C. 
  3. ^ Meleisea, Malama, Lagaga: A Short History of Western Samoa, 1987, ISBN 982-02-0029-6, pp.137-8
  4. ^ Segev, Tom (1999). One Palestine, Complete. Metropolitan Books. pp. 295–313. ISBN 0805048480. 
  5. ^ Stannard, Matthew B. (2005-08-09). "A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians and the Disengagement". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/09/MNGF6E53GL1.DTL. 
  6. ^ NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records.
  7. ^ Segev, Tom (2000). One Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. Translated by Haim Watzman of Metropolitan Books, Little, Brown and company. pp. 318-319 ISBN 0805048480 and ISBN 0-316-64859-0.
  8. ^ Kaplan, Neil (1983). Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931. London: Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 0714632147. 
  9. ^ Silverfarb, Daniel; Majid Khadduri (1986). Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 13-20. ISBN 0195039971. 
  10. ^ pp. 41-44 ISBN 0813340195
  11. ^ Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. Imperial Power and Popular Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 170-178 ISBN 0521596920
  12. ^ Vohra, Ranbir. The Making of India. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. pp. 147-148 ISBN 0765607123
  13. ^ Elleman, Bruce. Diplomacy and Deception. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. pp. 282-283 ISBN 0765601435
  14. ^ Tarling, Nicholas. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 182-184 ISBN 0521663717
  15. ^ a b Pauley, Bruce F. (2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson. p. 117. 
  16. ^ Scala, DI; M., Spencer and Scala DI (2004). Italy from Revolution to Republic. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0813341760. 
  17. ^ Kertzer, David (2004). Prisoner of the Vatican. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 292–293. ISBN 0618224424. 
  18. ^ Pollard, John (2005). The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–76. ISBN 0521023661. 
  19. ^ Lee, Stephen (1996). Weimar and Nazi Germany. London: Heinemann. pp. 38-39. ISBN 043530920X. 
  20. ^ Geneva Convention (1929):Introduction
  21. ^ Bingham, Adrian (2004). Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain. Oxford: Clarendon. p. 125. ISBN 0199272476. 
  22. ^ Rubinstein, William (2003). Twentieth-Century Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–169. ISBN 0333772245. 
  23. ^ Louria, Margot (2001). Triumph and Downfall. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 0313312729. 
  24. ^ Bernard, Philippe; et al. (1985). The Decline of the Third Republic, 1914-1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 052135854X. 
  25. ^ Steiner, Zara (2005). The Lights That Failed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 828. ISBN 0198221142. 
  26. ^ Payne, Stanley (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0299165647. 
  27. ^ Brackman, Roman. The Secret File of Joseph Stalin. London: Frank Cass, 2001. pp. 202-203 ISBN 0714650501
  28. ^ Alexander, Robert. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 3 ISBN 082231066X
  29. ^ Rappaport, Helen. Joseph Stalin: a Biographical Companion. City: ABC-Clio Inc, 1999. p. 119 ISBN 1576070840
  30. ^ Singleton, Frederick and Anthony Upton. A Short History of Finland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 117 ISBN 0521647010
  31. ^ Capoccia, Giovanni. Defending Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2005. p. 153-154 ISBN 0801880386
  32. ^ a b Kristina Vaičikonis. Augustinas Voldemaras. Lituanus, Vol. 30, No.3 -Fall 1984, ed. Antanas Klimas, ISSN 0027-5089
  33. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198292007 p. 68 ISBN 0198292007
  34. ^ Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. New York: Routledge, 1996. pp. 143-144 ISBN 1857285956
  35. ^ Brennan, Brian (2001). Alberta Originals: Stories of Albertans Who Made a Difference. Fifth House. pp. 14. ISBN 1-894004-76-0. 
  36. ^ http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf
  37. ^ ISBN 0275957365 pp. 18-23
  38. ^ ISBN 1574884522 p. 32-33
  39. ^ Meleisea, Malama, Lagaga: A Short History of Western Samoa, 1987, ISBN 982-02-0029-6, pp.137-8
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