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Winter Olympic Games

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For the next Winter Games in Vancouver, see 2010 Winter Olympics.
Winter Olympic Games
The Olympic flame at Turin during the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Games
1924 • 1928 • 1932 • 1936 • 1940 • 1944 • 1948
1952 • 1956 • 1960 • 1964 • 1968 • 1972 • 1976
1980 • 1984 • 1988 • 1992 • 1994 • 1998 • 2002
 2006 • 2010 • 2014 • 2018 • 2022
Sports (details)
Alpine skiing • Biathlon • Bobsleigh
Cross‑country skiing • Curling • Figure skating
Freestyle skiing • Ice hockey • Luge
Nordic combined • Short track speed skating
Skeleton • Ski jumping • Snowboarding
Speed skating

The Winter Olympic Games are a winter multi-sport event held every four years. They feature winter sports held on snow or ice, such as Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ice skating, bobsledding and ice hockey.

Each National Olympic Committee (NOC), enters athletes to compete against other NOC's athletes for gold, silver, and bronze medals. Fewer countries participate in the Winter Olympics than the Summer Olympics, due largely to the reduced availability of winter sports in many countries nearer to the Equator, and where access to winter sport training facilities are quite limited or non-existent. Also areas in which the Winter Olympics are usually held, are required to be near a mountain range where it snows - for the Alpine skiing events. Outdoor natural snow is also a necessity for cross-country skiing.

The United States of America has hosted the Winter Games the most times, four, most recently in 2002. France has hosted the winter games three times, most recently in 1992. Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, and Italy have all hosted the games twice. Canada will host for the second time in 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Germany and Yugoslavia have hosted the games once, and Russia has been selected to host the Winter Olympics for the first time in 2014. Three cities have hosted the Winter Games twice: St. Moritz, Switzerland; Innsbruck, Austria; and Lake Placid, USA.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Early years

The first (nominally) international multi-sport event held specifically for winter sports were the Nordic Games, first held in 1901 in Sweden. The Nordic Games were principally organized by General Viktor Gustaf Balck.[1] The Nordic Games were held again in 1903, then in 1905, and then every four years there after until 1926.[1] Balck was a charter member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and a close personal friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically figure skating, added to the Olympic program.[1] He was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, which featured four figure skating events.[2] Ulrich Salchow (10 time World champion) and Madge Syers (first competitive woman figure skater) won the individual titles.[3]

Poster advertising the International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the 1924 Winter Olympics

Three years later, Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week with winter sports as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. The organizers opposed this idea, their reasoning was two-fold: they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games; and they were concerned about a lack of facilities that could accommodate winter sports.[4][5] However, this same idea was again proposed for the 1916 Games, which were to be held in Berlin. A winter sports week with speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned, but the 1916 Olympics were cancelled after the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[4]

The first Olympics after the war, the 1920 Games in Antwerp featured figure skating with the addition of ice hockey.[4] At the IOC Congress held the following year, it was decided that the organizers of the 1924 Summer Olympics (France) would also host a separate "International Winter Sports Week", under the patronage of the IOC. This "week" (it actually lasted 11 days) of events in Chamonix proved to be a great success, attracting more than 200 athletes from 16 nations, competing in 16 events. The first event on the program was 500 m speed skating won by U.S. athlete Charlie Jewtraw. He was not the first Winter Olympic Champion though, since figure skating and ice hockey had been held in 1908 and 1920. Less than 15 of the athletes were women and they only competed in figure skating events.[4] Overall, in 1924, Finnish and Norwegian athletes dominated the events.[6] In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate Olympic Winter Games,[4] and the 1924 events in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.[7][4]

Statue of Sonja Henie in Oslo

St. Moritz was appointed by the IOC to host the second Olympic Winter Games, held from February 11 to February 19 in 1928.[8] Curling and military patrol were no longer medal sports (although the latter was demonstrated) while skeleton made its first Olympic appearance.[9][10] Fluctuating weather conditions made these Olympics memorable. The opening ceremonies were held in a blizzard.[11] In contrast, warm weather conditions plagued the Olympics for the remainder of the Games. The 10000 m speed skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled with no winner.[12] The 50 km cross-country event was officially contested but ended with a temperature of 77 °F (25 °C), which caused significant problems with snow and waxing conditions.[12] The weather was not the only note-worthy aspect of the 1928 Games; Sonja Henie of Norway created a sensation when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she would hold for 74 years.[10]

The next Winter Olympics came to North America for the first time. However, fewer athletes participated than in 1928, as the journey to Lake Placid, New York was a long and expensive one for most competitors, and there was little money for sports in the midst of the Great Depression. On top of that, these Games too were marred by warm weather. There had been virtually no snow fall for the two months preceding the Games. It was not until mid-January that enough snow fell to hold all the events.[13] The Games opened on February 4 and closed on February 15. Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title.[14] Eddie Eagan, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920, won the gold in the men's bobsled event during these Games to become the first, and so far only, Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.[14]

The Bavarian twin towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organize the 1936 edition of the Winter Games, held from February 6–16.[15] 1936 marked the last year that the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country. Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut in Germany, but skiing teachers were barred from entering, as they were considered to be professionals.[16] This decision caused the Swiss and Austrian skiers to boycott the Olympics.[17] The cross-country relay was also held for the first time at these Games. Military patrol and ice stock sport were demonstration sports.[18][19] As with the Berlin Games later that summer, these Olympics were marked by political propaganda. The German hosts made great efforts to present Germany (and the Nazi party) as progressive and modern. They down-played negative stereotypes, such as anti-semitism, and emphasized the authority of the Nazi party and its officials.[20][21]

[edit] World War II

The Second World War interrupted the celebration of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Winter Olympics had originally been awarded to Sapporo, Japan, but were given back in 1938, because of the Japanese invasion of China in the Sino-Japanese War. Subsequently, St. Moritz, Switzerland was chosen by the IOC to host the 1940 Winter Olympics, but three months later the IOC withdrew St. Moritz from the Games, because of quarrels with the Swiss organizing team. Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the hosts of the previous games, stepped in to host the Games again, but the Games were cancelled in their entirety in November 1939 following Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1st.[22] The 1944 Winter Olympics, scheduled to take place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, were canceled in the Summer of 1941. This was due to the fact that world was still in the midst of World War II.[23]

[edit] Post-war

When the Olympics returned in 1948, the IOC looked to the Swiss town of St. Moritz to host the Games. St. Moritz was untouched by the war because of Switzerland's neutrality. Since most of the venues were already constructed for the 1928 Games it was a logical choice to become the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.[24] Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland from January 30 to February 8, although athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited.[25] Alpine skiing events were expanded to include the slalom and downhill. The Games were marred by controversy, and theft. Two hockey teams from the United States arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The iconic Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, was stolen. Its replacement was also stolen. The Games were declared a success though, due mainly to the fact that they were the most competitive in history. No less than ten competing countries won gold medals at these Games, more than any Games until that point.[26]

The city of Oslo, Norway was selected to host the 1952 Winter Olympics. The Olympic Flame was lit in the fireplace of the home of skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim.[27] The torch relay was conducted by 94 participants and held entirely on skis.[27][28] The program in Oslo, from February 14 to February 25, was expanded with the first ever cross-country event for women, while the alpine combined was replaced with the giant slalom.[27] Bandy, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was held as a demonstration sport though only Norway, Sweden, and Finland fielded teams.[29] West German athletes represented Germany at the Olympics. The Germans, who were returning to the Olympics after a 16 year hiatus, were well-received by the Norwegians.[30]

View down into Cortina from Monte Faloria, site of the Giant Slalom events at the 1956 Winter Olympics[31]

After not being able to host the Games in 1944 due to the War, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy was selected to organize the 1956 Winter Olympics, held from January 26 to February 5. At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Guido Caroli, entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium rink his skate caught on a cable and he fell, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and lit the cauldron..[32] These Games were the first to be televised, though no television rights would be sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[33] The Cortina Games were used as an experiment on the feasibility of televising sporting events on such a large scale.[34] The program was again extended by adding two events in cross-country skiing. The most important development was the debut of the Soviet Union at the Winter Olympics. They immediately showed their athletic prowess in winter sports by winning more medals than any other nation.[35] When the IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley, the California resort town founded by Alexander Cushing was nothing more than a village.[36] There was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.[37] The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney.[38] These Games were the first to have a dedicated athlete's village, and the first to use a computer (courtesy of IBM) to tabulate results.[39] The Games were held from February 18 to the 28th. While bobsleighing was absent (the organizing committee found it to expensive), biathlon was first contested at the Olympics, and women first took part in speed skating.[40]

The Tyrolean city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964. Despite being a traditional winter sports resort, there was a lack of snow and ice during the Games and the Austrian army was called in to bring snow and ice to the sport venues.[41] Bobsleigh returned to the Olympics, while new events were added to both ski jumping and women's cross-country skiing. Soviet speed skating star Lidia Skoblikova made history by sweeping all four speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals was the most by a Winter Olympics athlete up until that time.[42] Luge was first contested in the Olympics, although the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.[43][44]

Held in the French town of Grenoble, the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games in which East and West Germany participated as separate countries.[45] Until 1964 the countries had competed as a combined team. Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy became only the second person to sweep all the men's alpine skiing events, this despite a controversial disqualification of Austrian Karl Schranz.[46] One new event was added for the Grenoble Games: the 4 × 7.5 km relay in biathlon. The effects of television began to show at the Grenoble Games. The organizing committee sold the television rights for USD $2 million, a significant increase over the price of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games, which totalled USD $936,667.[47] Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes villages at these Games. The organizers claimed this was required to accommodate technological advances. Critics disputed this and said layout was necessary to provide the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the expense of the athletes.[48] Steroid and gender tests were first performed at these Olympics.[49][46]

The 1972 Winter Games, held in Sapporo, Japan, were the first to be held outside North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism became very contentious during these Games. Three days before the Olympics, IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar a large number of top alpine skiers from competing because they participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States. Brundage reasoned that the skiers had financially benefitted from their status as athletes and were therefore no longer amateurs.[50] Eventually, only Austrian star Karl Schranz, who earned more than all the other skiers, was not allowed to compete.[51] Francisco Ochoa became the only Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal, when he triumphed in the slalom.[52]

Originally, the 1976 Winter Games had been awarded to Denver, but in 1972 the residents of Denver and of Colorado expressed unwillingness to host the Games through a city plebiscite and a state referendum.[53] Innsbruck, which still had the venues of 1964 in good shape, was chosen in 1973 to replace Denver.[54] Because it was the second time the Austrian town hosted the Games, two Olympic flames were lit.[54] New events on the program included ice dancing and in speed skating the men's 1000 meters was added.[54] The 1976 Games also featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track in neighboring Igls.[52]

[edit] 1980–1998

The Herb Brooks Arena, site of the "Miracle on Ice", photo taken ca. 2007

The Olympic Winter Games returned to Lake Placid, which had earlier hosted the 1932 Games. The People's Republic of China made its debut at the Winter Olympics. Because of this, the Republic of China (Taiwan) was forced by the IOC to compete under the name of Chinese Taipei. The Taiwanese refused, and thus became the only nation to boycott a Winter Olympic Games. The threat of an American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics also clouded these Olympics, due to the fact that much of the discussion regarding this eventuality took place during the Winter Games. Fortunately, there were also many sporting highlights. American Speed skater Eric Heiden set world records in each of the 5 events he competed in. Another highlight of the Games for the Americans was a match in the ice hockey tournament between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the "Miracle on Ice", the home team upset the favored Soviets and went on to win the gold medal.

Sarajevo was a surprise choice for the 1984 Winter Olympics, as no Yugoslavian athlete had ever won an Olympic medal in the Winter Games. This changed when alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver medal in the giant slalom. There was only one new event at the Sarajevo Games, a 20 km cross-country event for women.

The city of Calgary, Alberta hosted the first Winter Olympics to span 16 days, in 1988. New events were added in ski jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling, short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their appearance as demonstration sports. In alpine skiing, the Super G was added for the first time, while the combined event was reinstated after a 40-year absence from the Olympics. For the first time, the speed skating events were held indoors, on the Olympic Oval. Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip beat the favoured East German, winning three gold medals and setting two new world records. Her total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen, who won all events in his sport. Not all athletes making the headlines were winning medals: British ski jumper Eddie 'the Eagle' Edwards, who came in last, and Jamaica's first ever bobsleigh team also received plenty of attention, including being the subject of the film Cool Runnings starring actor John Candy.

In 1986, the IOC decided to reschedule the Summer and Winter Games by alternating between them every 2 years: each would still be held in four-year cycles, but two years apart from one another. The 1992 Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were held in the French Savoie region; Albertville itself only hosted 18 events. Two new sports, short track speed skating and freestyle skiing were on the programme. Women's biathlon was also included for the first time. Curling, speed skiing and two freestyle skiing events were demonstrated. Political changes of the time were reflected in the Olympic teams appearing in France. Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the two German countries ceased competing as a unified team following the 1964 Games, and former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debut. Most of former Soviet republics still competed as a single team, under the name of Unified Team, but the Baltic States made independent appearances, for the first time since before World War II. Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion. New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger made history with a silver medal in the women's slalom, becoming the first Winter Olympic medallist from the Southern Hemisphere.

The silver, gold and bronze medals awarded at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

The Lillehammer Games in 1994 were the first Winter Olympics to be held without the Summer Games in the same year; in a non-leap, even year. The event programme was again extended, adding two new events each in freestyle skiing and short track speed skating. After the split-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debut in Lillehammer, as did several former Soviet republics. A lot of media attention, especially in the United States, went to the women's figure skating competition, as American skater Nancy Kerrigan had been injured on January 6 in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding. Both skaters competed in the Games, but neither of them won the gold medal, which went to Oksana Baiul, who won Ukraine's first Olympic title. Kerrigan would ultimately win the silver medal.

For the first time, more than 2000 winter athletes competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics, held in the Japanese city of Nagano. Two new sports were conducted—snowboarding and curling—while women's ice hockey was also included. The men's ice hockey tournament was open to all players for the first time, making Canada and the United States favourites for the gold with their many NHL professionals. However, neither nation won any medals, losing to the Czech Republic. Speed skating saw a wave of new world records thanks to the use of the revolutionary clap skate.

[edit] 2002–present

Olympic flame at Rice-Eccles Olympic Stadium during the opening ceremonies of the 19th Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City

The 19th Olympic Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City, United States. Prior to the opening of the Games, it was found that Salt Lake organisers had bribed several IOC members in order to be elected. This resulted in a change of the host city election procedures and several IOC members resigned or were punished. Again, the programme was expanded. Skeleton made its return on the Olympic podium after 54 years, while new events were added in biathlon, bobsleigh, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and short track speed skating.

All Olympics since September 11, 2001 have required a higher level of security to avoid any terrorist attack. The Olympic Games in Salt Lake City were the first Olympics since then, and thus the first to implement the new measures. During the opening ceremonies, Dr. Jacques Rogge, presiding over his first Olympics as IOC president, told the athletes of the host country that their nation was overcoming the "horrific tragedy" of that day and the IOC stands united with them in promoting the committee's ideals.[55][56] In addition, the opening ceremonies of those games also saw signs of the aftermath of that tragic day.

The Salt Lake City Olympics had many stars. Ole Einar Bjørndalen won all four biathlon events, while Samppa Lajunen took all three Nordic combined medals. Croatia's Janica Kostelić won four medals in alpine skiing, of which three were gold. Simon Ammann won both individual ski jumping events, while Georg Hackl won his fifth consecutive medal in the same event (luge singles), a feat never before achieved by any Olympian. In speed skating, the high altitude of the skating rink assured several new world records. Jochem Uytdehaage broke three world records, winning two golds and a silver; Claudia Pechstein won the 5000 m for the third time in a row, while also winning the 3000 m. The women's short track speed skating events saw China win its first two Winter Olympic golds, both by Yang Yang (A). Canadians jubilated as both their men's and their women's hockey teams defeated the United States to win the gold; the men's team thus ended a gold medal drought that had lasted 50 years to the day.

The United Kingdom won its first Winter Olympic gold medal since 1984: the ladies Curling team springing a surprise result by beating out the highly favored Swiss in the gold medal match.

The men's 1000 meter short-track event saw one of the unlikeliest results in sports history. Australian Steven Bradbury, who would have been eliminated in the quarterfinals but for the disqualification of Canadian Marc Gagnon, advanced to the final when three of the four other competitors in his semifinal crashed out on the final lap. In the final, Bradbury was fifth going into the final turn of the final lap, when another collision left him the last man standing. Bradbury was able to avoid the pileup, becoming the first Winter Olympic gold medallist from the Southern Hemisphere. Many Australians saw this as a painfully humorous example of the country's struggle for competitiveness in winter sports, being that it took for all other competitors to crash for an Aussie to win. The phrase "to do a Bradbury" has since entered the Australian lexicon meaning to succeed through the failure of others. Alisa Camplin won Australia's second gold medal in freestyle skiing without the need for such incredible luck.

A major scandal evolved around the pairs figure skating contest. The Canadians Jamie Salé and David Pelletier initially placed second. However, it was discovered that a French jury member had favoured the winning Russian pair, and the IOC and the International Skating Union decided to award both of the pairs a gold medal, after much discussion. Combined with several other referee decisions that came out negatively for Russian athletes, there was a brief threat by the Russians of withdrawing from the Games.

The scandal also resulted in a change to the scoring system used for figure skating events. Previously each judge posted his mark and an average score was taken. The new regulations keep individual judges decisions secret. Also the highest and lowest scores for each competitor is now dropped, in the hopes that this will eliminate outstanding biases by the judges.

Cross-country skiers accounted for a second scandal, as Johann Mühlegg (Spain) and Olga Danilova and Larissa Lazutina (both Russia), who had already medaled in earlier events, were shown to have used doping. As of 2004, they had all been officially stripped of all medals won at the 2002 Games.

The Italian city of Turin ("Torino" in Italian) hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy held the Winter Olympic Games, following Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956. To this date, Turin is the largest city ever to host a Winter Olympics.

[edit] The future

In a 2003 IOC vote, the 2010 Winter Olympics were awarded to Vancouver, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics as well as being the first for the province of British Columbia. Vancouver will be the largest city to host a Winter Olympics, with a population of more than 2.5 million people in the greater Vancouver metropolitan area.[57] Vancouver is a low-altitude, seaport city with a relatively mild oceanic climate, but there are Alpine-level mountains nearby.

The decision for the location of the 2014 Winter Olympics was made on 4 July 2007. Sochi, Russia was elected as the host city over the other two finalists: Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. Sochi will be the first city with a subtropical climate ever to host the Winter Games but, like Vancouver, there are Alpine-level mountains nearby.

[edit] Sports

Through the years, the number of sports and events conducted at the Winter Olympic Games has increased. Demonstration sports, in which contests were held but for which no medals were awarded, have also taken place.

[edit] Current sport disciplines

Sport Years # of
events		 Medal events scheduled for 2010[58]
Alpine skiing Since 1936 10 Men's and women's downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom, slalom and Alpine combined.[59]
Biathlon Since 1960 10 The Sprint (men: 10 km; women: 7.5 km), the individual (men: 20 km; women: 15 km), the pursuit (men: 12.5 km; women: 10 km), the relay (4x7.5 km), and the mass start (men: 15 km; women: 12.5 km).[60]
Bobsleigh 1924–1956
1964–Present		 3 Four-man race, two-man race and two-woman race.[61]
Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men's sprint, team sprint, 30 km pursuit, 15 km, 50 km and 4x10 km relay; women's sprint, team sprint, 15 km pursuit, 10 km, 30 km (women) and 4x5 km relay.[62]
Curling 1924
1998–present		 2 Men's and women's tournaments.[63]
Figure skating Since 1924[Note 1] 4 Men's and women's singles; pairs; and ice dancing.[64]
Freestyle skiing Since 1992 6 Men's and women's moguls, aerials and skicross.[65]
Ice hockey Since 1924[Note 2] 2 Men's and women's tournaments.[66]
Luge Since 1964 3 Men's and women's singles, men's doubles.[67]
Nordic combined Since 1924 3 Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill and team.[68]
Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men's and women's 500 metres, 1000 metres, 1500 metres; women's 3000 metre relay; and men's 5000 metre relay.[69]
Skeleton 1924; 1948
Since 2002		 2 Men's and women's events.[70]
Ski jumping Since 1924 3 Men's individual large hill, individual small hill and team large hill.[71]
Snowboarding Since 1998 6 Men's and women's parallel giant slalom, half-pipe and snowboard cross.[72]
Speed skating Since 1924 12 Men's and women's 500 metres, 1000 metres, 1500 metres, 5000 metres and team pursuit; women's 3000 metres; men's 10000 metres.[73]

^ Note 1. Figure skating events were also held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics.
^ Note 2. A men's ice hockey tournament was also held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

[edit] Discontinued sports or disciplines

[edit] Demonstration events

Main article: Demonstration sport

[edit] List of Winter Olympic Games

Note: Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games actually count Olympiads (which occur even if the Games do not), the official titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves.

Map of Winter Olympics locations
Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Events Ref
Total Men Women
I 1924 Flag of France Chamonix, France 25 January–5 February 16 258 247 11 6 16 [74]
II 1928 Flag of Switzerland St. Moritz, Switzerland 11–19 February 25 464 438 26 4 14 [75]
III 1932 Flag of the United States Lake Placid, United States 4–15 February 17 252 231 21 4 14 [76]
IV 1936 Flag of Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 6–16 February 28 646 566 80 4 17 [77]
1940 Originally awarded to Sapporo, Japan, cancelled because of World War II.
1944 Originally awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, cancelled because of World War II.
V 1948 Flag of Switzerland St. Moritz, Switzerland 30 January–8 February 28 669 592 77 4 22 [78]
VI 1952 Flag of Norway Oslo, Norway 14–25 February 30 694 585 109 4 22 [79]
VII 1956 Flag of Italy Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 26 January–5 February 32 821 687 134 4 24 [80]
VIII 1960 Flag of the United States Squaw Valley, United States 18–28 February 30 665 521 144 4 27 [81]
IX 1964 Flag of Austria Innsbruck, Austria 29 January–9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 34 [82]
X 1968 Flag of France Grenoble, France 6–18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 35 [83]
XI 1972 Flag of Japan Sapporo, Japan 3–13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 35 [84]
XII 1976 Flag of Austria Innsbruck, Austria 4–15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 37 [85]
XIII 1980 Flag of the United States Lake Placid, United States 13–24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 38 [86]
XIV 1984 Flag of Yugoslavia Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 8–19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 39 [87]
XV 1988 Flag of Canada Calgary, Canada 13–28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 46 [88]
XVI 1992 Flag of France Albertville, France 8–23 February 64 1801 1313 488 7 57 [89]
XVII 1994 Flag of Norway Lillehammer, Norway 12–27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 61 [90]
XVIII 1998 Flag of Japan Nagano, Japan 7–22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 68 [91]
XIX 2002 Flag of the United States Salt Lake City, United States 8–24 February 77 2399 1513 886 7 78 [92]
XX 2006 Flag of Italy Turin, Italy 10–26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 84 [93]
XXI 2010 Flag of Canada Vancouver, Canada 12–28 February future event
XXII 2014 Flag of Russia Sochi, Russia 7–23 February future event
XXIII 2018 TBD (2011) TBD future event
XXIV 2022 TBD (2015) TBD future event

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c Edgeworth, Ron (May, 1994). "The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games". International Society of Olympic Historians Journal (LA84 Foundation) vol. 2 (number 2). http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv2n2/JOHv2n2h.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-09. 
  2. ^ "Figure Skating History". CNNSI.com. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/sport_explainers/figureskating_history/. Retrieved on 2009-03-09. 
  3. ^ "1908 Figure Skating Results". CNNSI.com. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/medals/1908Results.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-09. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f "First Winter Olympics". History.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=6787. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  5. ^ Findling & Pelle (2004) p. 283
  6. ^ "1924 Chamonix Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  7. ^ "Ist Olympic Winter Games". Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924. Retrieved on 2006-05-06. 
  8. ^ Findling & Pelle (2004) pgs. 289–290
  9. ^ Findling & Pelle p. 294
  10. ^ a b "St. Moritz 1928". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1928. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  11. ^ Findling & Pelle (2004) p. 290
  12. ^ a b "1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1928/. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  13. ^ Findling & Pelle (2004) p. 298
  14. ^ a b "Lake Placid 1932". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1932. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  15. ^ Seligmann, Davison, & McDonald (2004) p. 119
  16. ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen Olympics". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1936. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  17. ^ "IV Olympic Winter Games". Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1936. Retrieved on 2006-05-06. 
  18. ^ Mandell (1987) p. 98
  19. ^ O'Donnell, Sarah (2009-01-20). "Some sports fizzle, some sizzle at Winter Olympics". The Vancouver Sun (Canwest News Service). http://www.vancouversun.com/Sports/Some+sports+fizzle+some+sizzle+Winter+Olympics/1195475/story.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
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[edit] References

  1. Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport CT.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313322783. http://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA283&dq=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics&ei=RT65Sfh0jq6QBN_PyMML#PPA283,M1. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  2. Fry, John (2006). The story of modern skiing. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 9781584654896. http://books.google.com/books?id=FOhrjSuy6rsC&pg=PA150&dq=history+of+skiing+at+the+olympics#PPA157,M1. Retrieved on 2009-03-15. 
  3. Guttman, Allen (1986). Sports Spectators. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 135. ISBN 0231064012. http://books.google.com/books?id=i7va9B45XZ0C&pg=PA135&dq=television+rights+cortina+olympics&ei=TSWoScXZKoyEkQSUkpSlBA. Retrieved on 2009-03-13. 
  4. Judd, Ron C. (2008). The Winter Olympics. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 1594850631. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hc2dCHfyh0AC&printsec=copyright#PPA4,M1. Retrieved on 2009-03-13. 
  5. Kluge, Volker (in German). Olympische Winterspiele - Die Chronik. Sport publishing house. ISBN 3328008314. 
  6. Mandell, Richard D. (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252013255. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CYYYeTT5mEC&pg=PA298&dq=1936+winter+olympics&lr=&ei=03O5SdWQC4GklQTdtIH2Cw#PPA95,M1. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  7. Seligmann, Matthew S.; Davison, John; McDonald, John (2003). Daily Life in Hitler's Germany. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0312328117. http://books.google.com/books?id=g13k9CMYTbsC&pg=PA119&dq=1936+winter+olympics&lr=&ei=0m25SZGOG5PYlQSUp_C9BA. Retrieved on 2009-03-12. 
  8. Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2005-11-25). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics. SportClassic Books. ISBN 1894963458. 

[edit] External links


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