Ownership Issues

Faculty Ownership: Policy Development: This section includes websites and articles that address the development of policies to govern faculty work product on academic campuses. See Policies Online for a list of collected intellectual property policies.
Work-for-Hire: This section includes websites and articles that are directly concerned with the evolution of CCNV V. Reid and faculty work for hire.
Online Course Material and Licensing Issues: This section includes websites and articles that focus on the property rights of faculty in online course material.
Faculty Ownership: Questions of Authorship: This section includes websites and articles that address joint ownership, academic freedom and general discussion of the definition of "author" in academia.
Student Ownership Issues: This section includes articles and law reviews and covers the intellectual property rights involved in the work product of students on the academic campus. See Policies Online for a list of collected student ownership policies.

CIP Site Suggestions
A note about Web sites and print and subscription resources: For Web sites, please report any broken links to cip@umuc.edu. For print and subscription resources, please contact your librarian for retrieval.

Faculty Ownership: Policy Development

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

American Association of University Professors. (2004, July). Copyright, Distance Education, & Intellectual Property.: Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/

American Association of University Professors. (n.d.). Sample Intellectual Property Policy & Contract Language.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/sampleIP.htm

American Association of University Professors. (1997, November). Subcommittee on Distance Learning. Committee on Government Relations' Report on Distance Learning.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/
Campus Copyright Rights and Responsibilities: A Basic Guide to Policy Considerations. (2005, December).: Association of American Universities, Association of Research Libraries, Association of American University Presses, and the Association of American Publishers. Retrieved April 4, 2006 from http://www.aaupnet.org/aboutup/issues/Campus_Copyright.pdf.

Council on Governmental Relations (COGR): Features links to several COGR publications, including University Technology Transfer: Evolution and Revolution, A Review of University Industry Research Relationships, Policy Considerations: Access to and Retention of Research Data, University Technology Transfer: Questions and Answers, Technical Data and Computer Software: A Guide to Rights and Responsibilities under Federal Contracts, Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software: A Faculty Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from http://www.cogr.edu/

Gasaway, L. (2002). Drafting a Faculty Copyright Ownership Policy. The Technology Source, March/April 2002.: Retrieved April 19, 2006 from http://technologysource.org/article/drafting_a_faculty_copyright_ownership_policy/

Johnson, A. (2004, October). Reconciling copyright ownership policies for faculty-authors in distance education. Journal of Law and Education.: Retrieved April 19, 2006, from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3994/is_200410/ai_n9423485

Meyer, K. A. (2002). Does policy make a difference? An exploration into policies for distance education. Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 5(4).: Retrieved February 22, 2006, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter54/Meyer_policy_54.htm
National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH), Ownership Policy Drafting Exercise, November 19, 2001, University of Oregon.: Retrieved April 19, 2006 from http://www.uoregon.edu/~jqj/ninch/ownership-groups2-display.htm

Petersen, R. (2003, January 7). Ownership of online course material. Educause Research Bulletin, 2003(1).: Retrieved April 19, 2006 from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERB0301.pdf
Rhoades, G. (2001). Whose property is it? Academe, 87(5). 39.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/2001/01SO/so01rho.htm

Shores, C. (2002, March 6). Ownership of faculty works and university copyright policy.: Retrieved April 19, 2006 from http://www.arl.org/newsltr/189/owner.html

Sweeney, P.C. (2006, Spring). Faculty, Copyright Law and Online Course Materials. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 9(1).: Retrieved April 4, 2006 from http://www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/spring91/sweeney91.htm.

Print and Subscription Resources

Byman, A. & Geller, R. (Eds.). (2001). Intellectual property in higher education: A legal compendium. (2nd ed.). National Association of Coll. and Univ. Attorneys: Washington, DC.

Campbell, T. I. & S. Slaughter, 1999, ‘Faculty and administrators' attitudes toward potential conflicts of interest, commitment and equity in university-industry relationships’, Journal of Higher Education, 70(13), 309–52. Retrieved April 19, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Changes & Challenges: Hot Topics in a New Era of Schools. (2001, March). Proceedings of the Education Law Association Winter Seminar, Park City, UT.

Goldfarb, B. & Henrekson, M. (2003). Bottom-up versus top-down policies towards the commercialization of university intellectual property. Research Policy, 32(4), 639-59. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Science Direct database.

Guernsey, L. (1998). A provost challenges his faculty to retain copyright on articles. Chronicle of Higher Education, 45(4), A29. Retrieved December 12, 2000 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Henderson, A. (1996). University ownership of faculty copyrights. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

Holmes, G. & Levin, D. A.. (2000). Who owns course materials prepared by a teacher or professor? The application of copyright law to teaching materials in the Internet age. Brigham Young University Education & Law Journal, 1, 165-190. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

Intellectual property in distance education; who owns what? (2001, October 1). Distance Education Report, 5(19) 1.

Kelley, K.B. (2000). Courseware development for distance education: Issues and policy models for faculty ownership. EDUCAUSE 2000: Thinking IT Through. Proceedings and Post-Conference Materials, Nashville, TN. Retrieved February 21, 2006, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EDU0015.pdf.

Kennedy, G. (2002). Intellectual property issues in e-learning. Computer Law & Security Report, 18(2), 91-98.

Kreiser, B. R. (Ed.). (2001). Policy documents & reports (9th ed.). American Association of Univ. Professors: Washington, DC., 2001.

Lape, L. G. (1992). Ownership of copyrightable works of university professors: The interplay between the Copyright Act and university copyright policies. Villanova Law Review, 37, 223-271.

Mathieu, M. (2003). An integrated approach to academic reinforcement systems. Higher Education Management & Policy, (15)3, 25-40. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

Myers, Philip E. (2003). Developing an intellectual property policy at a predominantly undergraduate institution. Journal of Research Administration, 34(1), 8-13. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from ABI/INFORM database.

Packard, A. (2002). Copyright or copy wrong: An analysis of university claims to faculty work. Communication Law & Policy, 7(3) 275.

Sanders, D. W. & Richardson, M. D. (2002). Whose property is it anyhow? Using electronic media in the academic world. Journal of Technology Studies, 28(2), 117-23.

Smith, M. F. (2001). Pressures on research and academic freedom. Academe, 87(6), 94.

Stevens, A. R. (1997). Ownership and retention of data (24 p.). Washington, D.C.: National Association of College and University Attorneys; National Council of University Research Administrators.

Wolcott, L. L. (1998). Faculty issues pertaining to institutional support and reward practices in distance education. University of Georgia.

Young, J. R. (1998). UCLA contract shows complexity of issues involving ownership of on-line courses. Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Work-for-Hire

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

American Association of University Professors. (2004, August). Sample Distance Education Policy & Contract Language.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/sampleDE.htm

Adelman, M.J. (2000) Ownership, shop rights and the work for hire doctrine. CASRIP Symposium Publication Series Number 5, July 2000, Proceedings of the 1999 Summit Conference on Intellectual Property, University of Washington, Seattle.: Retrieved December 9, 2004 from http://www.law.washington.edu/casrip/Symposium/Number5/pub5atcl15.pdf

Rhoades, Gary(2001). Whose Property Is It? Academe, 87(5). 39.: Retrieved January 15, 2002 from http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/2001/01SO/so01rho.htm

Sample Work Made for Hire Agreement: Educational Course Materials, University of Texas System Office of General Counsel.: Retrieved December 9, 2004 from http://www.utsystem.edu/OGC/IntellectualProperty/contract/workhire.htm

Jassin, L. J. R. (1997). Working with Freelancers: What Every Publisher Should Know about the "Work for Hire" Doctrine.: Retrieved December 9, 2004 from http://copylaw.com/new_articles/wfh.html

Print and Subscription Resources

Carlson, R. (2001). Why the law still can’t tell and employee when it sees one and how it ought to stop trying. Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 22, 295. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Clark, J. (1998). Copyright law and work for hire: A critical history. Copyright Law Symposium, 40, 129-164.

Del Gallo, R. (1998). Who owns the Web site? The ultimate question when a hiring party has a falling-out with the Web site designer. John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law, 16(4), 857-903. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

Harris, M. R. (1990). Copyright, computer software, and work made for hire. Michigan Law Review, 89, 661-701. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

Harper, G. (2000). Copyright Issues in Higher Education. Washington, DC: National Association of College and University Attorneys.

Holmes, G. & Levin, D. A. (2000). Who owns course materials prepared by a teacher or professor? The application of copyright law to teaching materials in the internet age. Brigham Young University Education & Law Journal, 1, Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

How online faculty compensation should work. (2002, September 15). Distance Education Report, 6(18), 4. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Wilson Select database.

Kilby, P. A. (1995). The discouragement of learning: Scholarship made for hire. Journal of College and University Law, 21(3), 455-488.

Kozlowski, J. C. (2001). Author generally owns copyright unless employee or "work for hire". Parks & Recreation, 36(4), 44-50). Retrieved December 9, 2004, from MasterFile Premier database.

Laughlin, G. K. (2000). Who owns the copyright to faculty-created Web sites? The work-for-hire doctrine's applicability to Internet resources created for distance learning and traditional classroom courses. Boston College Law Review, 41, 549. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

Mota, S. G. (1993). Work for hire revisited: Aymes v. Bonelli (980 F.2d 857 (1992)). Computer/Law Journal, 12, 17-24.

Packard, A. (2002). Copyright or copy wrong: An analysis of university claims to faculty work. Communication Law & Policy, 7(3) 275.

Samuels, R. (2004). The future threat to computers and composition: Nontenured instructors, intellectual property and distance education. Computers & Composition, 21(1), 63-71.

Singer, K. (2001). A new frontier: in the digital environment, administrators must decide: are faculty members free agents or employees bound by copyright law? Matrix: The Magazine for Leaders in Higher Education, 2(2), 26-30. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Smith, M. D., & Zirkel, P.A. (1991). Implications of "CCNV v. Reid" for the educator-author: Who owns the copyright? West's Education Law Reporter, 63(3), 703-712.

Tepper, M. (1990). Works made for hire and the Copyright Act of 1976--we're finally back where we started: Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 109 S. Ct. 2166. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 59, 299-327. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

Wadley, J. B., & Brown, JL. M. (1999). Working between the lines of Reid (Community or Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 109 S. Ct. 2166 (1989)): teachers, copyrights, work-for-hire and a new Washburn University policy. Washburn Law Journal, 38(2), 385-453. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis database.

Wernick, A. S. (1990). The work made for hire and joint work copyright doctrines after CCNV v. Reid (109 S. Ct. 2166): "What! You mean I don't own it even though I paid in full for it?" Hamline Law Review, 13, 287-295.

Young, J. R. (1998). UCLA contract shows complexity of issues involving ownership of on-line courses. Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Online Course Material and Licensing Issues

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

American Association of University Professors. (2004, August). Distance education & intellectual property issues: policy statements & applications.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/sampleDE.htm

Burk, D. L. (1998). Ownership issues in online use of institutional materials. CAUSE/EFFECT, 21(2), 19-27.: Retrieved February 22, 2006, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/cem/cem98/cem9826.html

Burk, D. L. (1997). Ownership of electronic course materials in higher education. CAUSE/EFFECT, 20(3), 13-18.: Retrieved February 22, 2006, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/cem/cem97/cem9734.html

Council on Governmental Relations (COGR): Features links to several COGR publications, including University Technology Transfer: Evolution and Revolution, A Review of University Industry Research Relationships, Policy Considerations: Access to and Retention of Research Data, University Technology Transfer: Questions and Answers, Technical Data and Computer Software: A Guide to Rights and Responsibilities under Federal Contracts, Grants and Cooperative Agreements, and Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software: A Faculty Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2002.

Intellectual Property and New Media Technologies: A Framework for Policy Development at AAU Institutions: A Report To The AAU Digital Networks and Intellectual Property Management Committee by The Intellectual Property Task Force on May 13, 1999.

NACUA (National Association of College and University Attorneys): Includes links to resources on copyright, patent, and trademark issues. Provides reports on legal developments affecting intellectual property and technology transfer for NACUA members. Retrieved January 31, 2002.

Twigg, C. A. (2000). Who owns online courses and course materials? Intellectual property policies for a new learning environment.: National Center for Academic Transformation at http://www.thencat.org/.

Print and Subscription Resources

Bobbitt, W. R. (1999). Intellectual property conflicts between universities and faculty members over ownership of electronic courses. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University.

Borow, T. A. (1998). Copyright ownership of scholarly works created by university faculty and posted on school-provided Web pages. University of Miami Business Law Review, 2(1), 149-169. Retrieved December 12, 2000 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Care, W. D. (2000). Meeting the challenge of developing courses for distance delivery: two different models for course development. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 31(3), 121-8. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from WilsonSelectPlus database.

Carnevale & Young, J. R. (1999). Who owns on-line courses? Colleges and professors start to sort it out. Chronicle of Higher Education, 46(17), A45. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from MasterFILE Premier database.

Castagnera, J.O., Fine, C.R., & Belfiore, A. (2002). Protecting intellectual capital in the new century: Are universities prepared? Duke Law and Technology Review, 2002, 10. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Demac, D. (1998). Campus copyright controversy: Who really owns digital course material? Community College Journal, 69(1), 20-23.

Goldstein, P. (1994). Copyright's highway: From Gutenberg to the celestial jukebox (1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang.

Kennedy, G. (2002). Intellectual property issues in e-learning. Computer Law & Security Report, 18(2), 91-98.

Klein, M.W. (2005). “Sovereignty of reason:” An approach to sovereign immunity and copyright ownership of distance-education courses at public colleges and universities. Journal of Law and Education, 34, 199. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Lieberwitz, R.L. (2002). The corporatization of the university: Distance learning at the cost of academic freedom? The Boston Public Interest Law Journal, 12, 73. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

McIsaac, M. S. & Rowe, J. (1997). Ownership and access: Copyright and intellectual property in the on-line environment. New Directions for Community Colleges, 99, 83-93. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

McMillen, J. D. (1999). Ownership rights to distance education courseworks: An analysis of legal principles and institutional policies in postsecondary education. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Moal-Gray, M. J. (2000). Distance education and intellectual property: The realities of copyright law and the culture of higher education. Touro Law Review, 16, 981. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Morgan, G. (2000). Faculty ownership and control of digital course materials. Teaching with Technology Today, 5(4).

Noble, D. F. (1998). The coming battle over online instruction. Sociological Perspectives, 41(4), 815(811). Retrieved December 12, 2000 from Expanded Academic Index database.

Palattella, J. (2001). May the course be with you. Lingua Franca: The Review of Academic Life, 11(2), 50-58. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

Peek, R. (2003, January). Giving away the MIT store. Information Today, 20(1), 11-12. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

Sanders, D. W. & Richardson, M. D. (2002). Whose property is it anyhow? Using electronic media in the academic world. Journal of Technology Studies, 28(2), 117-23,

Samuels, R. (2004, March). The future threat to computers and composition: Nontenured instructors, intellectual property and distance education. Computers & Composition, 21(1), 63-71. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database.

Savenye, W., Dwyer, H., Niemczyk, M., Olina, Z., et al. (2003). Development of the digital high school project: a school-university partnership. Computers in the Schools, 20(3), 3-14.

Simpson, C.M. (2001). What's yours is mine: copyright applied to Web-based learning. TechTrends v. 45(2), 5-6.

Welsh, J.F. (2000). Course ownership in a new technological context. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(6), 668-99. Retrieved December 9, 2004, from WilsonSelectPlus database.

Wolcott, L. L. (1998). Faculty issues pertaining to institutional support and reward practices in distance education. University of Georgia.

Young, J. R. (1999). A debate over ownership of on-line courses surfaces at Drexel U. Chronicle of Higher Education, 45(31), A31(31). Retrieved December 21, 2000 from LexisNexis Academic database.

American Association of University Professors. (2004, August). Distance education & intellectual property issues: policy statements & applications.: Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/issuesed/DE/sampleDE.htm


Chon, M. (1996). New Wine Bursting from Old Bottles: Collaborative Internet Art, Joint Works, and Entrepreneurship, 75 Or. L. Rev 257.: Retrieved January 27, 2002.

The Legal Rights of Collaborators and Joint Authors. By Lloyd J. Jassin. Originally published in the Authors Guild Bulletin. Provided by Copylaw.com.: Retrieved January 27, 2002.

Lape, L. G. (1997), A Narrow View of Creative Cooperation: The Current State of Joint Work Doctrine, 61 Alb. L. Rev. 43.: Retrieved January 27, 2002.

Nevins, F. M. (2006). To split or not to split: Judicial divisibility of the copyright interests of authors and others. Family Law Quarterly, 40, 499.: Retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://www.abanet.org/family/flq/issue4003_fall2006.shtml#4003499