Hwɛ beaɛ a ɔnyaa Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim (Environmental racism)

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=== Amerika Atifi fam (North America) ===

==== Canada ====
[[File:Africville_Church.jpg|thumb|Africville Asɔredan a wɔasan asi wɔ Nova Scotia no]]
Wɔ Canada no, wɔrenya nkɔso wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho dwuma (titiriw wɔ Nova Scotia Africville mpɔtam hɔ) denam Mmara 111, Mmara a Wɔde Di Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho dwuma wɔ Nova Scotia Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mu no so.  Nanso, efin a efi Canada nnuruyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ Ontario Kesee Fam Apuei mu no kɔ so pira aborɔfo nkurow te sɛ Aamjiwnaang First Nation.

Canada pɛtro adwumayɛbea ɔha biara mu aduanan ayɛ ma wɔ Sarnia, Ontario, a ne kɛse yɛ akwansin 15 ahinanan mu .  Wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ pɛtro no anafo fam pɛɛ no, Aamjiwnaang akorae a Aamjiwnaang Ɔman a Edi Kan no mufo yɛ 850 no wɔ hɔ. Efi afe 2002 no, ankorankoro a wɔyɛ aborɔfo nkabom ahorow ako atia efi a ɛdɔɔso a ɛnsɛ wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ no.

===== Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ Canadafo Abibifo mmea so (Impact on Canadian Indigenous women) =====
[[File:Ingrid_Waldron_at_Dalhousie_University.jpg|right|thumb| Canadani asetra ho nimdefo Ingrid Waldron rema ɔkasa ahorow a ɛfa Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho wɔ Dalhousie Sukuupɔn mu wɔ afe 2018 mu.]]
Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim ka mmea titiriw ne titiriw no Abibifo mmea ne mmea a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow. Saa mpɔtam yi mu pii te nkuraase a abɔde mu nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ anigye kɛse ma nnwuma a wotutu fam. Ɛnyɛ sɛ saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi gu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no ho fi nko, na mmom ɛka nipadua ne adwene mu akwahosan nyinaa nso. Saa nnwuma a wɔde yi nneɛma te sɛ ngo ne gas ne nea wotu fagude yi mu pii de efi aba nsu fibea, aduan fibea ne nsunsuanso a ɛba mframa pa so. Eyi afi ase aka nnipa nipadua, titiriw mmea de. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ awuduru ne awuduru a efi mmeae a wotutu fam no ka mmea awo akwaa, ebetumi ama wɔanya kokoram ne wɔn mma akwahosan nso.  Dwumadi yi mu ɔhaw ahorow kɔ so wɔ awo ntoatoaso ahorow mu wɔ saa mpɔtam yi, sɛ nhwɛso no wɔ Indigenous mpɔtam a ɛwɔ Grassy Narrows wɔ Northern Ontario, wɔda so ara redi akwahosan ho nsunsuanso a efi mercury dodow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛka nsu a wɔnom ne mpataa wɔ ɔmantam no mu a ɛbaa fi a hwie gui wɔ 1960 mfe no mu.<ref name=":1" />

Ɛnyɛ efi nko na ɛka mmea, na mmom asetra mu nsakrae a nnwuma a wotutu fam de ba nso. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ mpɔtam nketewa a wɔwɔ adwumayɛbea ahorow a wotutu fam no, ofie basabasayɛ dodow no dɔɔso kɛse esiane nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ mmarima asigyafo a wɔba mpɔtam hɔ no reba nti.  Eyi nyinaa betumi ama ofie asetra a awuduru wom aba a ebetumi ama wɔde nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so adi dwuma sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so gyina ano, na ɛno nso ma nnipa pii wuwu na wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so. Saa adwumayɛfo nsraban ahorow yi nso aboa ma Abibifo mmea a wɔayera na wɔakunkum wɔn wɔ Amerika Atifi fam nyinaa no dodow a ɛnsɛ.<ref name=":1" /> Nea efi nnwuma a wɔtutu fam mu ba nso nya transgender, Two-Spirit ne LGBTQ+ kuw no mufo afoforo so nkɛntɛnso a ɛnsɛ. Nanso, akwahosan ho nsɛm a enye no mu dodow no ara to adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ nnwuma a wotutu fam no ankasa so, na ɛkanyan ɔmanfo mu kyinhyia ahorow a ɛyɛ hu.

==== Mexico ====
Wɔ [[Obubuo]] bosome da ɛtɔ so dunkron (19), afe 1984 mu no, San Juanico asiane ([[:en:San Juanico disaster|San Juanico disaster]]) no maa mpempem pii wuwui na bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako pirapirae wɔ mpɔtam a ahiafo a atwa ho ahyia no mu. Atoyerɛnkyɛm no sii wɔ PEMEX nsu propane gas adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ [[Ciudad de México|Mexico City]] beae bi a nnipa dɔɔso. Adan a wosisii wɔ ɔkwan a mmara mma ho kwan a enni mmara so a ɛbɛn hɔ no maa nea efii ɔtopae no mu bae no yɛɛ kɛse.

Cucapá yɛ aborɔfo kuw bi a wɔte bɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so, titiriw wɔ [[Mesiko|Mexico]] nanso ebinom wɔ Arizona nso. Wɔ awo ntoatoaso pii mu no, na mpataayi wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten ([[:en:Colorado River|Colorado River]]) no so ne ade titiriw a na Cucapáfo nya wɔn asetrade. Wɔ afe 1944 mu no, United States ne Mexico de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ apam bi ase a ɛde hokwan ahorow maa United States wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so wɔ nsu a ɛwɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no mu bɛyɛ 90% ho, na ɛmaa Mexico nyaa 10% a aka no. Wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu no, Colorado Asubɔnten no fa kɛse no ara ayow wɔ ɔhye no anafo fam, na ɛde nsɛnnennen pii aba nnipa te sɛ Cucapá so. Shaylih Meuhlmann, a ɔkyerɛw mmusuakuw ho nsɛm a wɔato din ''Where the River Ends: Contested Indigeneity in the Mexican Colorado Delta no'' de tebea no ho kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan ma wɔ Meuhlmann adwene mu ne kyerɛwtohɔ pii a efi Cucapáfo ankasa mu nso ma. Wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no fa a ɛwɔ Mexico no a wogyaw nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa no fa ketewaa bi akyi no, wogye hokwan a Cucapáfo wɔ sɛ woyi mpataa wɔ asubɔnten no so no afi wɔn nsam, na Mexico aban no de adeyɛ no ayɛ nea mmara mma ho kwan sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora... asubɔnten no mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia akwahosan.<ref name="Muehlmann" /> Enti, Cucapáfo no te ase a wonnya abɔde mu nsu pa a ɛdɔɔso na wonni wɔn asetrade a wɔtaa yɛ no nso. Nea wɔde baa awiei wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa pii mu ne sɛ nsu hokwan ahorow a wɔayɛ ho nkitahodi wɔ U.S. ne Mexico apam no ase a ɛde nsonsonoe kɛse a ɛba wɔ nsu a wɔkyekyɛ mu wɔ aman abien no ntam no fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so.

Wohu maquiladora 1,900 wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so. Maquiladoras yɛ nnwumakuw a mpɛn pii no amannɔne nnwumakuw na wɔwɔ na wɔde nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma fi amannɔne ba, wotua adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Mexico ka ma wɔboaboa ano, na wɔde nneɛma a wɔawie no kɔ amannɔne sɛ wɔntɔn. Bere a Maquiladoras ma wonya nnwuma no, mpɛn pii no wontua sika kakraa bi pɛ. Saa afifide yi nso de efi ba Mexico nkurow a ɛwɔ nkuraase mu, na ɛde akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso ba mmusua a wodi hia a wɔte bɛn hɔ no so.

Wɔ Mexico no, mfiridwuma mu ngo, a wotu, ne gas a woyi fi hɔ, ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ no foforo nkakrankakra te sɛ nsu mu mmoa, kwae, ne nnɔbae a woyi fi hɔ pii. Wɔ mmara kwan so no, ɔman no wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma, nanso etumi ma nnwuma ho kwan denam tow a wotua so. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu no, nsakrae bi aba wɔ towtua dɔla a wɔaboaboa ano yi a wɔbɛsan de wɔn adwene asi mpɔtam a akwahosan, asetra, ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ extractivism mu no anya wɔn so nkɛntɛnso kɛse no so. Nanso, ɛhɔfo ne nkuraase mpɔtam hɔ akannifo pii ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpene so sɛ nnwumakuw yi wɔn nneɛma na wɔsɛe no, sen sɛ wobetua wɔn ka wɔ nokwasɛm no akyi. 

==== United States ====
[[File:Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_environmental_justice_-_June_2020.ogv|thumb|Kamala Harris ka nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho asɛm wɔ June 2020 mu.]]
U.S. Aban Akontaabu Dwumadibea ([[:en:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]]) nhwehwɛmu bi - a wowiee de buaa 1982 ɔsɔretia a wɔde tiaa PCB tow a wɔtow gu wɔ Warren Mantam mu ([[:en:North Carolina PCB Protest, 1982|1982 protests against the PCB landfill in Warren County]]) no _ ka nhwehwɛmu a edi kan a ɛkyerɛɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda mpɔtam hɔfo mmusuakuw ne sikasɛm tebea ne beae a nwura a asiane wom wɔ ntam no ho. Nanso, na nhwehwɛmu no sua denam nwura a asiane wom a wɔtow gu wɔ United States Kesee Fam Apuei a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri nkutoo so.<ref name="autogenerated4">Colquette and Robertson, 159.</ref>
[[File:Climate_March_1085_(34368550705).jpg|thumb|2017 Climate March ɔsɔretiafoɔ kura sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ Flint nsuo ho haw no so.]]
[[File:Katrina-14512.jpg|thumb|Nnipa a wɔte wɔn afie atifi a wɔrekwati nsuyiri a ɛbae wɔ Ahum Katrina akyi]]
Carl Zimring ka sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim taa gye ntini wɔ da biara da adwuma ne asetra mu. Nhwɛso ahorow a wɔafa aka afa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho wɔ U.S. no bi ne Dakota Akwantuo a Wɔde Kɔ Nsuo Mu ([[:en:Dakota Access Pipeline|Dakota Access Pipeline]]) (baabi a nsu afiri a wɔresusuw ho no fa bi bɛfa baabi a ɛbɛn Ɛboɔ Gyinabea a Indiafo a Wɔakora So ([[:en:Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock Indian Reservation]]), Flint nsu ho ahokyere ([[:en:Flint water crisis|Flint water crisis]] a ɛkaa kurow bi a na Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo 55%), kokoram kwan ([[:en:Cancer Alley|cancer alley]] - Louisiana),<ref>Lerner, Steve (2005). ''Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Chemical Corridor''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</ref> ne sɛnea aban no yɛɛ n’ade wɔ ahum Katrina ([[:en:Hurricane Katrina|hurricane Katrina]]) ho (baabi a wɔanhyɛ sɛ wontu mfi hɔ wɔ New Orleans kurow a Abibifo dodow no ara te mu no mu kosii nnɔnhwerew 20 ansa na ahum Katrina reba asase so (Hurricane Katrina made landfall).

Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, U.S. ayɛ adwuma de atew nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so denam nkurow akɛse mu nsakrae so. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi boa ma nsakrae foforo ba. Nkuropɔn ne amansin binom de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho nhyehyɛe ahorow adi dwuma na wɔde adi dwuma wɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow mu.<ref name="nrdc" />

===== Amerikafo Ankasa nkurɔfo =====
Abibifo nhomanimfo aka ho asɛm sɛ ebia ntease wɔ Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee ho adwene no mu wɔ Amerikafo Ankasa ne atubrafo atubrafo ho nsɛm mu anaa. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ ɛsono Amerikafo Ankasa mmara kwan so gyinabea wɔ nnipa afoforo a wɔato wɔn hintidua a wɔwɔ United States no ho. Sɛnea ɛte no, Colville nhomanimfo Dina Gilio-Whitaker kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “esiane sɛ ɛsono abusuabɔ a Abibifo ne ɔman (kyerɛ sɛ United States) wɔ wɔ mmusuakuw nketewa de ho nti, ɛsɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee boro pɛyɛ so na etumi tra ase ma ɛne mmusuakuw ho adwene hyia.” tumidi, apam hokwan ahorow, ne aban ne aban ntam abusuabɔ."

Gilio-Whitaker san ka sɛ Atɛntrenee a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma (Distributive justice) a EJ gyina so no mmoa Abibifoɔ mpɔtam, ɛfiri sɛ "Wɔde Frameworks for EJ wɔ mpɔtam a wɔnyɛ Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho to distributive justice so no asi kapitalist Amerikafoɔ gyinapɛn a ɛfa asase ho sɛ aguadeɛ — i.e. kokoa mu (private)." agyapade — wɔ nsase a wogye fii Abibifo nsam so." Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Abibifo wɔ abusuabɔ soronko koraa wɔ asase a ɛboro asase so akwan horow so sɛ aguade ho.

Abibifo ho adesua ho abenfo (Indigenous studies scholars) aka sɛ, Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nnipa mu Nnyiyim (Environmental Racism), efii ase wɔ United States bere a atubrafo atubrafo (ettler colonialism) bae no. Potawatomi nyansapɛfo (Potawatomi philosopher) Kyle Powys Whyte ne Lower Brule Sioux abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Nick Estes kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ Abibifo atra ase dedaw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adiyisɛm (environmental apocalypse) biako mu: atubrafo a wɔbae. Métis asase ho nimdefo (Métis geographer) Zoe Todd ne nhomanimfo kwaewa (academic Heather) Davis nso aka sɛ atubrafo atubrafo “na ɛde nnɛyi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ba.” Wɔ saa kwan yi so no, wɔada no adi sɛ wɔde akode ahyɛ wim nsakrae ho akode atia Amerikafo Abibifo, bere a agyanom a wɔhyehyɛɛ no te sɛ Thomas Jefferson ne Benjamin Franklin twitwaa kwae wɔ Amerika na wɔmaa wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew a wosusuwii sɛ ɛbɛma Abibifo atu afi wɔn afie mu na ama United States anya adefo no toom no. Enti, "United States, fi bere a wɔwoo no no, dii dwuma titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛde bae no mu." Whyte kyerɛkyerɛ mu kɔ so sɛ "Wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba (a nnipa de ba) yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a atubrafo de ahyɛ Abibifo so no mu den." Anishinaabe nhomanimfo (Anishinaabe scholar) Leanne Betasamosake Simpson nso aka sɛ "Ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw wim nsakrae ho sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu asiane ahorow a ɛware kɛse a atubrafo ne ɔmanfo a egyina nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano so de ba no fa."

Wobetumi abu Indiafo Mmara a Wɔayi Afi Hɔ a Wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1830 (Indian Removal Act of 1830) mu ne Nusu Akwantuo (Trail of Tears) nso sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nhwɛso a edi kan wɔ United States. Esiane kan no nti, ebeduu afe 1850 no, na wɔayi mmusuakuw a ɛwɔ Mississippi apuei fam nyinaa akɔ atɔe fam nsase so, na ne titiriw no, wɔde wɔn ahyɛ “nsase a ɛso yɛ kusuu, akyirikyiri, anaasɛ ɛso yɛ kwa dodo sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe atubrafo ne nnwumakuw adwene” so. Wɔ Wiase Ko II (World War II) mu no, na wɔtaa de asraafo atrae wɔ mmeae a ɛbɛn mmeae a wɔakora so (reservations), na ɛde tebea bi a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase” bae.  Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe a ɛhwehwɛɛ amansin bɛyɛ 3,100 a ɛwɔ United States asasepɔn no so mu no daa no adi sɛ Amerikafo Ankasa nsase ne mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae a wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ hu kɛse no dodow wɔ abusuabɔ pa. Nhwehwɛmu no nso hui sɛ asiane a wɔde susuw asiane ho mmara (RAC) a wɔde susuw asiane a ɛwɔ mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae no betumi de asiane kɛse asie sɛnea mmeae yi yɛ ma Amerikafo Ankasa no ɛtɔ mmere bi a. Asiane a ebetumi aba, anaasɛ ebetumi aba sɛ asiane bi bɛpira nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom no yɛ nea ɛfa ɔmanfo adan te sɛ sukuu ne ayaresabea ahorow a ɛbɛn ho no ho. Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi bu ani gu mmusuakuw asetra mu nneɛma te sɛ asetrade a wɔde di, afifide ne mmoa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so, ne nnipa dodow a ɛba fam so. Esiane sɛ wonsusuw nneɛma a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ mmusuakuw ho yi ho nti, Amerikafo Ankasa nsase betumi anya nkontaa a asiane nnim pii, ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ asiane ma wɔn asetra kwan no. Asiane a ebetumi aba no nsusuw Amerikafo Ankasa ho bere a wosusuw nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom a ebetumi apira ho no. Asraafo mmeae a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mmeae a ɛne mmeae a wɔakora so no hyia no de tebea bi ba a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase (a disproportionate number of the most dangerous military facilities are located near Native American lands).”
San kɔ Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim (Environmental racism).
Yɛ yi fii "https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nneɛma_a_atwa_yɛn_ho_ahyia_mu_mmusua_mu_nyiyim_(Environmental_racism)"