Influenza A viruses occur worldwide in wild birds and are occasionally associated with
outbreaks in commercial chickens and turkeys. However, avian influenza viruses have not …

Influenza A viruses are known to exist in large reservoirs in waterfowl and other birds. In
contrast to mammals, where the antigenic subtypes detected appear to be limited, for …

Three major epidemics of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred in Taiwan over the past three
decades (in 1969, 1984, and 1995). In order to gain a better understanding of the …

For viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the
emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune …

Seventeen Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates obtained from cormorants, turkeys, a
pelican, and a gull in Canada and the USA collected in 1975, 1990 and 1992 were analyzed …

In 2014, H5N8 clade 2.3. 4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage emerged in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and …

Abstract Objectives The HPAI H5N2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the
Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in 2004 was characterized. Design Haemagglutination …

Six-week-old susceptible specific pathogen free chickens were infected intranasally with the
virulent Newcastle disease virus strain Herts 33/56 and the levels of virus present in blood …

From eight falcons and one pigeon which died from NDV over a period of 15 months in
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, PMV‐1 viruses were isolated on quail embryo cell cultures …

During a 95‐day study period in 1995 in Denmark, 18 ostriches in a flock of 77 ostriches and
four emus held in quarantine died. Clinical and pathological observations did not indicate …