In this review, we will discuss the cascade of cellular and molecular events in the immune
response to protein antigens that regulate the development of high-affinity B cell memory …

We consider four sequential phases in the evolution and consolidation of high affinity B‐cell
memory as it is regulated in a cognate manner by antigen‐specific T‐helper (Th) cells …

New vaccines based on soluble recombinant antigens (Ags) require adjuvants to elicit long‐
lasting protective humoral and cellular immunity. Despite the importance of CD4 T helper …

Introduction Gene therapies are using Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as vectors, but
immune responses against the capsids pose challenges to their efficiency and safety …

The clonal composition of the T cell response can affect its ability to mediate infection control
or to induce autoimmunity, but the mechanisms regulating the responding TCR repertoire …

Biologics have the potential to induce an immune response when used therapeutically. A
number of in vitro assays are currently used preclinically to predict the risk of …

Protective immunity against a variety of infections depends on the amplification and
differentiation of rare naïve antigen‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recent evidence …

The maintenance of B‐cell anergy is essential to prevent the production of autoantibodies
and autoimmunity. However, B‐cell extrinsic mechanisms that regulate B‐cell anergy remain …

Diverse Ag-specific memory TCR repertoires are essential for protection against pathogens.
Subunit vaccines that combine peptide or protein Ags with TLR agonists are very potent at …

TCR signal strength during priming is a key determinant of CD4 T cell activation, but its
impact on effector CD4 T functions in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we compare the …